Major refactoring of SMCC

git-svn-id: https://joinup.ec.europa.eu/svn/mocca/trunk@381 8a26b1a7-26f0-462f-b9ef-d0e30c41f5a4

27 files changed, 2810 insertions, 1948 deletions

diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOS04Card.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOS04Card.java
deleted file mode 100644
index 9fca6ab9..00000000
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOS04Card.java
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
- * Graz University of Technology
- * 
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
-
-/**
- *
- * @author Clemens Orthacker <clemens.orthacker@iaik.tugraz.at>
- */
-public class ACOS04Card extends ACOSCard {
-
-  public ACOS04Card() {
-    pinSpecs.remove(PINSPEC_INF);
-  }
-
-}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard.java
index d064b821..9825978c 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard.java
@@ -1,48 +1,47 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
-import java.nio.CharBuffer;
-import java.nio.charset.Charset;
-
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.security.AlgorithmParameters;
+import java.security.GeneralSecurityException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import javax.crypto.Cipher;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKey;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
+import javax.crypto.spec.DESedeKeySpec;
+import javax.crypto.spec.IvParameterSpec;
+import javax.smartcardio.Card;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardTerminal;
 import javax.smartcardio.CommandAPDU;
 import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
-public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.ISO7816Utils;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.TransparentFileInputStream;
+
+public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard implements PINMgmtSignatureCard {
 
   private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(ACOSCard.class);
 
@@ -69,6 +68,8 @@ public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
       (byte) 0x01 };
 
   public static final byte[] EF_INFOBOX = new byte[] { (byte) 0xc0, (byte) 0x02 };
+  
+  public static final byte[] EF_INFO = new byte[] { (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x02 };
 
   public static final int EF_INFOBOX_MAX_SIZE = 1500;
 
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
       (byte) 0x14 // ECDSA
   };
 
-  public static final byte[] DST_DEC = new byte[] { (byte) 0x84, (byte) 0x01, // tag
+  public static final byte[] AT_DEC = new byte[] { (byte) 0x84, (byte) 0x01, // tag
       // ,
       // length
       // (
@@ -102,123 +103,278 @@ public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
       (byte) 0x01 // RSA // TODO: Not verified yet
   };
 
-  protected static final int PINSPEC_INF = 0;
-  protected static final int PINSPEC_DEC = 1;
-  protected static final int PINSPEC_SIG = 2;
+  private static final PINSpec DEC_PIN_SPEC = new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]",
+      "at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard", "dec.pin.name", KID_PIN_DEC, AID_DEC);
+
+  private static final PINSpec SIG_PIN_SPEC = new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]",
+      "at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard", "sig.pin.name", KID_PIN_SIG, AID_SIG);
+
+  private static final PINSpec INF_PIN_SPEC = new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]",
+      "at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard", "inf.pin.name", KID_PIN_INF, AID_DEC);
+  
+  /**
+   * The version of the card's digital signature application.
+   */
+  protected int appVersion = -1;
 
   public ACOSCard() {
     super("at/gv/egiz/smcc/ACOSCard");
-    pinSpecs.add(PINSPEC_INF,
-            new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("inf.pin.name"), KID_PIN_INF, AID_DEC));
-    pinSpecs.add(PINSPEC_DEC, 
-            new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("dec.pin.name"), KID_PIN_DEC, AID_DEC));
-    pinSpecs.add(PINSPEC_SIG, 
-            new PINSpec(0, 8, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("sig.pin.name"), KID_PIN_SIG, AID_SIG));
   }
 
-  /* (non-Javadoc)
-   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCard#getCertificate(at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCard.KeyboxName)
-   */
   @Override
+  public void init(Card card, CardTerminal cardTerminal) {
+    super.init(card, cardTerminal);
+
+    // determine application version
+    try {
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_SIG);
+      // SELECT file
+      execSELECT_FID(channel, EF_INFO);
+      // READ BINARY
+      TransparentFileInputStream is = ISO7816Utils.openTransparentFileInputStream(channel, 8);
+      appVersion = is.read();
+      log.info("a-sign premium application version = " + appVersion);
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      appVersion = 1;
+      log.info("a-sign premium application version = " + appVersion);
+    } catch (SignatureCardException e) {
+      log.warn(e);
+      appVersion = 0;
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      log.warn(e);
+      appVersion = 0;
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.warn(e);
+      appVersion = 0;
+    } 
+    
+    pinSpecs.add(DEC_PIN_SPEC);
+    pinSpecs.add(SIG_PIN_SPEC);
+    if (appVersion < 2) {
+      pinSpecs.add(INF_PIN_SPEC);
+    }
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] getCertificate(KeyboxName keyboxName)
       throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-  
-    try {
-      
+    
+      byte[] aid;
+      byte[] fid;
       if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR) {
-        
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          byte[] certificate = readTLVFile(AID_SIG, EF_C_CH_DS, EF_C_CH_DS_MAX_SIZE);
-          if (certificate == null) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
-          }
-          return certificate;
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-          throw new NotActivatedException();
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
-        
+        aid = AID_SIG;
+        fid = EF_C_CH_DS;
       } else if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.CERITIFIED_KEYPAIR) {
-        
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          byte[] certificate = readTLVFile(AID_DEC, EF_C_CH_EKEY, EF_C_CH_EKEY_MAX_SIZE);
-          if (certificate == null) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
-          }
-          return certificate;
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-          throw new NotActivatedException();
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
-        
+        aid = AID_DEC;
+        fid = EF_C_CH_EKEY;
       } else {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("Keybox " + keyboxName
             + " not supported.");
       }
 
-    } catch (CardException e) {
-      log.warn(e);
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to access card.", e);
-    }
-    
+      try {
+        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, aid);
+        // SELECT file
+        byte[] fcx = execSELECT_FID(channel, fid);
+        int maxSize = -1;
+        if (getAppVersion() < 2) {
+          maxSize = ISO7816Utils.getLengthFromFCx(fcx);
+          log.debug("Size of selected file = " + maxSize);
+        }
+        // READ BINARY
+        byte[] certificate = ISO7816Utils.readTransparentFileTLV(channel, maxSize, (byte) 0x30);
+        if (certificate == null) {
+          throw new NotActivatedException();
+        }
+        return certificate;
+      } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+        throw new NotActivatedException();
+      } catch (CardException e) {
+        log.info("Failed to get certificate.", e);
+        throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+      } 
+
+      
   }
 
-  /* (non-Javadoc)
-   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCard#getInfobox(java.lang.String, at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider, java.lang.String)
-   */
   @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] getInfobox(String infobox, PINProvider provider, String domainId)
       throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    
+    if ("IdentityLink".equals(infobox)) {
+      if (getAppVersion() < 2) {
+        return getIdentityLinkV1(provider, domainId);
+      } else {
+        return getIdentityLinkV2(provider, domainId);
+      }
+    } else {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infobox '" + infobox
+          + "' not supported.");
+    }
+  
+  }
+
+  protected byte[] getIdentityLinkV1(PINProvider provider, String domainId) 
+      throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    
+    try {
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_DEC);
+      // SELECT file
+      byte[] fcx = execSELECT_FID(channel, EF_INFOBOX);
+      int maxSize = ISO7816Utils.getLengthFromFCx(fcx);
+      log.debug("Size of selected file = " + maxSize);
+      // READ BINARY
+      while(true) {
+        try {
+          return ISO7816Utils.readTransparentFileTLV(channel, maxSize, (byte) 0x30);
+        } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
+          verifyPINLoop(channel, INF_PIN_SPEC, provider);
+        }
+      }
+      
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new NotActivatedException();
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Faild to get infobox.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+    }
+    
+  }
   
+  protected byte[] getIdentityLinkV2(PINProvider provider, String domainId)
+      throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    
     try {
-      if ("IdentityLink".equals(infobox)) {
- 
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_INF);
-        //new PINSpec(4, 4, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("inf.pin.name"));
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_DEC);
+      // SELECT file
+      execSELECT_FID(channel, EF_INFOBOX);
+      
+      // READ BINARY
+      TransparentFileInputStream is = ISO7816Utils.openTransparentFileInputStream(channel, -1);
+      
+      int b = is.read();
+      if (b == 0x00) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (b != 0x41 || is.read() != 0x49 || is.read() != 0x4b) {
+        String msg = "Infobox structure invalid.";
+        log.info(msg);
+        throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+      }
         
-        int retries = -1;
-        boolean pinRequired = false;
+      b = is.read();
+      if (b != 0x01) {
+        String msg = "Infobox structure v" + b + " not supported.";
+        log.info(msg);
+        throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+      }
+      
+      while ((b = is.read()) != 0x01 && b != 00) {
+        is.read(); // modifiers
+        is.skip(is.read() + (is.read() << 8)); // length
+      }
+      
+      if (b != 0x01) {
+        return null; 
+      }
+      
+      int modifiers = is.read();
+      int length = is.read() + (is.read() << 8);
 
-        do {
-          try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            if (pinRequired) {
-              char[] pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-              return readTLVFile(AID_DEC, EF_INFOBOX, pin, spec.getKID(), EF_INFOBOX_MAX_SIZE);
-            } else {
-              return readTLVFile(AID_DEC, EF_INFOBOX, EF_INFOBOX_MAX_SIZE);
-            }
-          } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
-          } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
-          }
-        } while (retries != 0);
+      byte[] bytes;
+      byte[] key = null;
+      
+      switch (modifiers) {
+      case 0x00:
+        bytes = new byte[length];
+        break;
+      case 0x01:
+        key = new byte[is.read() + (is.read() << 8)];
+        is.read(key);
+        bytes = new byte[length - key.length - 2];
+        break;
+      default:
+        String msg = "Compressed infobox structure not yet supported.";
+        log.info(msg);
+        throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+      }
+      
+      is.read(bytes);
+      
+      if (key == null) {
+        return bytes;
+      }
 
-        throw new LockedException();
+      execMSE(channel, 0x41, 0xb8, new byte[] {
+          (byte) 0x84, (byte) 0x01, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0x80, (byte) 0x01,
+          (byte) 0x02 });
 
-      } else {
-        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infobox '" + infobox
-            + "' not supported.");
-      }
 
+      byte[] plainKey = null;
+
+      while (true) {
+        try {
+          plainKey = execPSO_DECIPHER(channel, key);
+          break;
+        } catch(SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
+          verifyPINLoop(channel, DEC_PIN_SPEC, provider);
+        }
+      }
+      
+      try {
+        Cipher cipher = Cipher
+            .getInstance("DESede/CBC/PKCS5Padding");
+        byte[] iv = new byte[8];
+        Arrays.fill(iv, (byte) 0x00);
+        IvParameterSpec ivParameterSpec = new IvParameterSpec(iv);
+        AlgorithmParameters parameters = AlgorithmParameters
+            .getInstance("DESede");
+        parameters.init(ivParameterSpec);
+
+        DESedeKeySpec keySpec = new DESedeKeySpec(plainKey);
+        SecretKeyFactory keyFactory = SecretKeyFactory
+            .getInstance("DESede");
+        SecretKey secretKey = keyFactory.generateSecret(keySpec);
+
+        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, secretKey, parameters);
+
+        return cipher.doFinal(bytes);
+
+      } catch (GeneralSecurityException e) {
+        String msg = "Failed to decrypt infobox.";
+        log.info(msg, e);
+        throw new SignatureCardException(msg, e);
+      }
+      
+      
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new NotActivatedException();
     } catch (CardException e) {
-      log.warn(e);
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to access card.", e);
+      log.info("Faild to get infobox.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      if (e.getCause() instanceof SignatureCardException) {
+        throw (SignatureCardException) e.getCause();
+      } else {
+        throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+      }
     }
-  
+    
   }
-
+  
   @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] createSignature(byte[] hash, KeyboxName keyboxName,
       PINProvider provider) throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
   
@@ -228,87 +384,40 @@ public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
   
     try {
       
-      if (KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR.equals(keyboxName)) {
-
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_SIG);
-        //new PINSpec(6, 10, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("sig.pin.name"));
-        
-        int retries = -1;
-        char[] pin = null;
-
-        do {
-          pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-          try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            
-            // SELECT DF
-            selectFileFID(DF_SIG);
-            // VERIFY
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_SIG, pin);
-            if (retries != -1) {
-              throw new VerificationFailedException(retries);
-            }
-            // MSE: SET DST
-            mseSetDST(0x81, 0xb6, DST_SIG);
-            // PSO: HASH
-            psoHash(hash);
-            // PSO: COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATURE
-            return psoComputDigitalSiganture();
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
 
-          } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_SIG);
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
-          }
-        } while (retries != 0);
+      if (KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR.equals(keyboxName)) {
 
-        throw new LockedException();
+        PINSpec spec = SIG_PIN_SPEC;
         
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_SIG);
+        // MANAGE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT : SET DST
+        execMSE(channel, 0x41, 0xb6, DST_SIG);
+        // VERIFY
+        verifyPINLoop(channel, spec, provider);
+        // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : HASH
+        execPSO_HASH(channel, hash);
+        // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATRE
+        return execPSO_COMPUTE_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE(channel);
     
       } else if (KeyboxName.CERITIFIED_KEYPAIR.equals(keyboxName)) {
         
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_DEC);
-        //new PINSpec(4, 4, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("dec.pin.name"));
-
-        int retries = -1;
-        char[] pin = null;
-        boolean pinRequired = false;
+        PINSpec spec = DEC_PIN_SPEC;
 
-        do {
-          if (pinRequired) {
-            pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-          }
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_DEC);
+        // MANAGE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT : SET AT
+        execMSE(channel, 0x41, 0xa4, AT_DEC);
+        
+        while (true) {
           try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            
-            // SELECT DF
-            selectFileFID(DF_DEC);
-            // VERIFY
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_DEC, pin);
-            if (retries != -1) {
-              throw new VerificationFailedException(retries);
-            }
-            // MSE: SET DST
-            mseSetDST(0x41, 0xa4, DST_DEC);
             // INTERNAL AUTHENTICATE
-            return internalAuthenticate(hash);
-            
-          } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
+            return execINTERNAL_AUTHENTICATE(channel, hash);
           } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_DEC);
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
+            verifyPINLoop(channel, spec, provider);
           }
-        } while (retries != 0);
-
-        throw new LockedException();
+        }
 
       } else {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("KeyboxName '" + keyboxName
@@ -321,377 +430,311 @@ public class ACOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
     } 
       
   }
+  
+  public int getAppVersion() {
+    return appVersion;
+  }
 
-  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-  // PROTECTED METHODS (assume exclusive card access)
-  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.AbstractSignatureCard#verifyPIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider)
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
 
-  protected ResponseAPDU selectFileFID(byte[] fid) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
     CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    return transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00,
-        0x00, fid, 256));
+    
+    try {
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
+      // VERIFY
+      verifyPIN(channel, pinSpec, pinProvider, -1);
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Failed to verify PIN.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to verify PIN.", e);
+    }
+
   }
+  
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.AbstractSignatureCard#changePIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangePINProvider)
+   */
+  @Override
+  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
 
-  private void mseSetDST(int p1, int p2, byte[] dst) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
     CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x22, p1,
-        p2, dst));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("MSE:SET DST failed: SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    
+    try {
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
+      // CHANGE REFERENCE DATA
+      changePIN(channel, pinSpec, pinProvider, -1);
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Failed to change PIN.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to change PIN.", e);
     }
+
   }
 
-  private void psoHash(byte[] hash) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x90,
-        0x81, hash));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("PSO:HASH failed: SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    }
+  @Override
+  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
+    log.error("ACTIVATE PIN not supported by ACOS");
+    throw new SignatureCardException("PIN activation not supported by this card.");
   }
 
-  private byte[] psoComputDigitalSiganture() throws CardException,
-      SignatureCardException {
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x9E,
-        0x9A, 256));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException(
-          "PSO: COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATRE failed: SW="
-              + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    } else {
-      return resp.getData();
-    }
+  @Override
+  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    throw new SignatureCardException("Unblock PIN not supported.");
   }
   
-  private byte[] internalAuthenticate(byte[] hash) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    byte[] digestInfo = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x30, (byte) 0x21, (byte) 0x30, (byte) 0x09, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x2B, (byte) 0x0E, 
-        (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x1A, (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x04
-    };
-    
-    byte[] data = new byte[digestInfo.length + hash.length + 1];
-    
-    System.arraycopy(digestInfo, 0, data, 0, digestInfo.length);
-    data[digestInfo.length] = (byte) hash.length;
-    System.arraycopy(hash, 0, data, digestInfo.length + 1, hash.length);
-    
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x88, 0x10, 0x00, data, 256));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("INTERNAL AUTHENTICATE failed: SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINMgmtSignatureCard#getPINSpecs()
+   */
+  @Override
+  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs() {
+    if (getAppVersion() < 2) {
+      return Arrays.asList(new PINSpec[] {DEC_PIN_SPEC, SIG_PIN_SPEC, INF_PIN_SPEC});
     } else {
-      return resp.getData();
+      return Arrays.asList(new PINSpec[] {DEC_PIN_SPEC, SIG_PIN_SPEC});
     }
   }
 
-  /**
-   *
-   * @param kid
-   * @return -1
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINMgmtSignatureCard#getPINStatus(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec)
    */
   @Override
-  protected int verifyPIN(byte kid) {
-    log.debug("VERIFY PIN without PIN BLOCK not supported by ACOS");
-    return -1;
+  public PIN_STATE getPINState(PINSpec pinSpec) throws SignatureCardException {
+    return PIN_STATE.UNKNOWN;
   }
 
   @Override
-  protected int verifyPIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, TimeoutException, PINFormatException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException {
-    try {
-      byte[] sw;
-      if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
-        log.debug("verify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.verifyPinDirect(getPINVerifyStructure(kid));
-//        int sw = (resp[resp.length-2] & 0xff) << 8 | resp[resp.length-1] & 0xff;
-      } else if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_START)) {
-        log.debug("verify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.verifyPin(getPINVerifyStructure(kid));
-      } else {
-        byte[] pinBlock = encodePINBlock(pin);
-        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-        ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-                new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x20, 0x00, kid, pinBlock), false);
-        sw = new byte[2];
-        sw[0] = (byte) resp.getSW1();
-        sw[1] = (byte) resp.getSW2();
-      }
+  public String toString() {
+    return "a-sign premium";
+  }
 
-      //6A 00 (falshe P1/P2) nicht in contextAID
-      //69 85 (nutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt) in DF_Sig und nicht sigpin
-
-      if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x90 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        return -1;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && sw[1] == (byte) 0xc0) {
-        throw new LockedException("[63:c0]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && (sw[1] & 0xf0) >> 4 == 0xc) {
-        return sw[1] & 0x0f;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x83) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:83]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x84) {
-//        //referenzierte Daten sind reversibel gesperrt (invalidated)
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:84]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x85) {
-//        //Benutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:85]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        throw new TimeoutException("[64:00]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x01) {
-        throw new CancelledException("[64:01]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x03) {
-        throw new PINFormatException("[64:03]");
-      }
-      log.error("Failed to verify pin: SW="
-              + SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      throw new SignatureCardException(SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // PROTECTED METHODS (assume exclusive card access)
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
-    }
+  protected void verifyPINLoop(CardChannel channel, PINSpec spec, PINProvider provider)
+      throws InterruptedException, LockedException, NotActivatedException,
+      TimeoutException, PINFormatException, PINOperationAbortedException,
+      SignatureCardException, CardException {
+    
+    int retries = -1;
+    do {
+      retries = verifyPIN(channel, spec, provider, retries);
+    } while (retries > 0);
+    
   }
 
-  /**
-   * SCARD_E_NOT_TRANSACTED inf/dec PIN not active (pcsc crash)
-   * @param kid
-   * @param oldPin
-   * @param newPin
-   * @return
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.LockedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.NotActivatedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException
-   */
-  @Override
-  protected int changePIN(byte kid, char[] oldPin, char[] newPin)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINConfirmationException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException {
-    try {
-       byte[] sw;
-      if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
-        log.debug("modify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPinDirect(getPINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START)) {
-        log.debug("modify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPin(getPINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else {
-        byte[] cmd = new byte[16];
-        System.arraycopy(encodePINBlock(oldPin), 0, cmd, 0, 8);
-        System.arraycopy(encodePINBlock(newPin), 0, cmd, 8, 8);
-
-        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+  protected int verifyPIN(CardChannel channel, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      PINProvider provider, int retries) throws InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec = new VerifyAPDUSpec(
+        new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x00, pinSpec.getKID(), (byte) 0x08,
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, 
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00 }, 
+        0, VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_ASCII, 8);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = reader.verify(channel, apduSpec, pinSpec, provider, retries);
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (resp.getSW() >> 4 == 0x63c) {
+      return 0x0f & resp.getSW();
+    }
 
-        ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-                new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x24, 0x00, kid, cmd), false);
+    switch (resp.getSW()) {
+    case 0x6983:
+      // authentication method blocked
+      throw new LockedException();
+  
+    default:
+      String msg = "VERIFY failed. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()); 
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    }
 
-        sw = new byte[2];
-        sw[0] = (byte) resp.getSW1();
-        sw[1] = (byte) resp.getSW2();
-      }
+  }
 
-      // activates pin (newPIN) if not active
-      if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x90 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        return -1;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && sw[1] == (byte) 0xc0) {
-        throw new LockedException("[63:c0]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && (sw[1] & 0xf0) >> 4 == 0xc) {
-        return sw[1] & 0x0f;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x83) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        // sig-pin only (card not transacted for inf/dec pin)
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:83]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        throw new TimeoutException("[64:00]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x01) {
-        throw new CancelledException("[64:01]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x02) {
-        throw new PINConfirmationException("[64:02]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x03) {
-        throw new PINFormatException("[64:03]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x6a && sw[1] == (byte) 0x80) {
-        log.info("invalid parameter, assume wrong pin size");
-        throw new PINFormatException("[6a:80]");
-      }
-      log.error("Failed to change pin: SW="
-              + SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      throw new SignatureCardException(SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
+  protected int changePIN(CardChannel channel, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      ChangePINProvider pinProvider, int retries) throws CancelledException, InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+
+    ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec = new ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec(
+        new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x00, pinSpec.getKID(), (byte) 0x10,  
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00        
+        }, 
+        0, VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_ASCII, 8);
+    
+    
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = reader.modify(channel, apduSpec, pinSpec, pinProvider, retries);
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (resp.getSW() >> 4 == 0x63c) {
+      return 0x0f & resp.getSW();
+    }
+    
+    switch (resp.getSW()) {
+    case 0x6983:
+      // authentication method blocked
+      throw new LockedException();
+  
+    default:
+      String msg = "CHANGE REFERENCE DATA failed. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()); 
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    }
+    
+  }
 
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
+  protected byte[] execSELECT_AID(CardChannel channel, byte[] aid)
+      throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
+
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x04, 0x00, aid, 256));
+
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6A82) {
+      String msg = "File or application not found AID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(aid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new FileNotFoundException(msg);
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      String msg = "Failed to select application AID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(aid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    } else {
+      return resp.getBytes();
     }
+
   }
+  
+  protected byte[] execSELECT_FID(CardChannel channel, byte[] fid)
+      throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x00, fid, 256));
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6A82) {
+      String msg = "File or application not found FID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(fid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new FileNotFoundException(msg);
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      String msg = "Failed to select application FID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(fid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.error(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    } else {
+      return resp.getBytes();
+    }
 
-  /**
-   * throws SignatureCardException (PIN activation not supported by ACOS)
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException
-   */
-  @Override
-  public void activatePIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws SignatureCardException {
-    log.error("ACTIVATE PIN not supported by ACOS");
-    throw new SignatureCardException("PIN activation not supported by this card");
+    
   }
+  
+  protected void execMSE(CardChannel channel, int p1,
+      int p2, byte[] data) throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
 
-  /**
-   * ASCII encoded pin, padded with 0x00
-   * @param pin
-   * @return a 8 byte pin block
-   */
-  @Override
-  protected byte[] encodePINBlock(char[] pin) {
-//    byte[] asciiPIN = new String(pin).getBytes(Charset.forName("ASCII"));
-    CharBuffer chars = CharBuffer.wrap(pin);
-    ByteBuffer bytes = Charset.forName("ASCII").encode(chars);
-    byte[] asciiPIN = bytes.array();
-    byte[] encodedPIN = new byte[8];
-    System.arraycopy(asciiPIN, 0, encodedPIN, 0, Math.min(asciiPIN.length,
-        encodedPIN.length));
-//    System.out.println("ASCII encoded PIN block: " + SMCCHelper.toString(encodedPIN));
-    return encodedPIN;
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x22, p1, p2, data));
+
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      String msg = "MSE failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW());
+      log.error(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    } 
+    
   }
   
-  private byte[] getPINVerifyStructure(byte kid) {
-      
-      byte bTimeOut = reader.getbTimeOut();   
-      byte bTimeOut2 = reader.getbTimeOut2(); 
-      byte bmFormatString = (byte) 0x82;      // 1 0000 0 10
-                                              // ^------------ System unit = byte
-                                              //   ^^^^------- PIN position in the frame = 1 byte
-                                              //        ^----- PIN justification left
-                                              //          ^^-- ASCII format
-      byte bmPINBlockString = (byte) 0x08;    // 0000 1000
-                                              // ^^^^--------- PIN length size: 0 bits
-                                              //      ^^^^---- Length PIN = 8 bytes
-      byte bmPINLengthFormat = (byte) 0x00;   // 000 0 0000
-                                              //     ^-------- System bit units is bit
-                                              //       ^^^^--- no PIN length
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitL = //TODO compare ints, not bytes
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() < (byte) 0x08) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() : (byte) 0x08;
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitH =               
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() > (byte) 0x00) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() : (byte) 0x00;
-      byte bEntryValidationCondition = 
-              reader.getbEntryValidationCondition();
-      byte bNumberMessage = (byte) 0x00;      // No message
-      byte wLangIdL = (byte) 0x0C;            
-      byte wLangIdH = (byte) 0x04;            
-      byte bMsgIndex = (byte) 0x00;           
-
-      byte[] apdu = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x00, kid, (byte) 0x08, 
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,      
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00       
-      };
-
-      int offset = 0;
-      byte[] pinVerifyStructure = new byte[offset + 19 + apdu.length];
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut2;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmFormatString;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINBlockString;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINLengthFormat;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitL;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitH;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bEntryValidationCondition;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bNumberMessage;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdL;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdH;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex;
-
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = (byte) apdu.length;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      System.arraycopy(apdu, 0, pinVerifyStructure, offset, apdu.length);
-
-      return pinVerifyStructure;
+  protected byte[] execPSO_DECIPHER(CardChannel channel, byte [] cipher) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    byte[] data = new byte[cipher.length + 1];
+    data[0] = 0x00;
+    System.arraycopy(cipher, 0, data, 1, cipher.length);
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x80, 0x86, data, 256));
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6982) {
+      throw new SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException();
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException(
+          "PSO - DECIPHER failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    }
+    
+    return resp.getData();
+    
   }
   
-  public byte[] getPINModifyStructure(byte kid) {
-
-      byte bTimeOut = reader.getbTimeOut();
-      byte bTimeOut2 = reader.getbTimeOut2();
-      byte bmFormatString = (byte) 0x82;      // 1 0000 0 10
-                                              // ^------------ System unit = byte
-                                              //   ^^^^------- PIN position in the frame = 1 byte
-                                              //        ^----- PIN justification left
-                                              //          ^^-- ASCII format
-      byte bmPINBlockString = (byte) 0x08;    // 0000 1000
-                                              // ^^^^--------- PIN length size: 0 bits
-                                              //      ^^^^---- Length PIN = 8 bytes
-      byte bmPINLengthFormat = (byte) 0x00;   // 000 0 0000
-                                              //     ^-------- System bit units is bit
-                                              //       ^^^^--- no PIN length 
-      byte bInsertionOffsetOld = (byte) 0x00; // insertion position offset in bytes
-      byte bInsertionOffsetNew = (byte) 0x08; 
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitL =
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() < (byte) 0x08) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() : (byte) 0x08;
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitH =
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() > (byte) 0x00) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() : (byte) 0x00;
-      byte bConfirmPIN = (byte) 0x03;
-      byte bEntryValidationCondition =
-              reader.getbEntryValidationCondition();
-      byte bNumberMessage = (byte) 0x03;      
-      byte wLangIdL = (byte) 0x0C;            
-      byte wLangIdH = (byte) 0x04;            
-      byte bMsgIndex1 = (byte) 0x00;           
-      byte bMsgIndex2 = (byte) 0x01;           
-      byte bMsgIndex3 = (byte) 0x02;           
-
-      byte[] apdu = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x00, kid, (byte) 0x10,  
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00,       
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x00        
-      };
-
-      int offset = 0;
-      byte[] pinModifyStructure = new byte[offset + 24 + apdu.length];
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmFormatString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINBlockString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINLengthFormat;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetOld;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetNew;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bConfirmPIN;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bEntryValidationCondition;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bNumberMessage;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex1;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex3;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = (byte) apdu.length;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      System.arraycopy(apdu, 0, pinModifyStructure, offset, apdu.length);
-
-      return pinModifyStructure;
+  protected void execPSO_HASH(CardChannel channel, byte[] hash) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x90, 0x81, hash));
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("PSO - HASH failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    }
+    
   }
+  
+  protected byte[] execPSO_COMPUTE_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE(CardChannel channel) throws CardException,
+      SignatureCardException {
 
-  @Override
-  public String toString() {
-    return "a-sign premium";
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x9E, 0x9A, 256));
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException(
+          "PSO - COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATRE failed: SW="
+              + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    } else {
+      return resp.getData();
+    }
+
+  }
+  
+  protected byte[] execINTERNAL_AUTHENTICATE(CardChannel channel, byte[] hash) throws CardException,
+      SignatureCardException {
+
+    byte[] digestInfo = new byte[] { (byte) 0x30, (byte) 0x21, (byte) 0x30,
+        (byte) 0x09, (byte) 0x06, (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x2B, (byte) 0x0E,
+        (byte) 0x03, (byte) 0x02, (byte) 0x1A, (byte) 0x05, (byte) 0x00,
+        (byte) 0x04 };
+    
+    byte[] data = new byte[digestInfo.length + hash.length + 1];
+    
+    System.arraycopy(digestInfo, 0, data, 0, digestInfo.length);
+    data[digestInfo.length] = (byte) hash.length;
+    System.arraycopy(hash, 0, data, digestInfo.length + 1, hash.length);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x88, 0x10, 0x00, data, 256));
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6982) {
+      throw new SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException();
+    } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6983) {
+      throw new LockedException();
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("INTERNAL AUTHENTICATE failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    } else {
+      return resp.getData();
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/AbstractSignatureCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/AbstractSignatureCard.java
index f0f8b8c8..54b4c7fe 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/AbstractSignatureCard.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/AbstractSignatureCard.java
@@ -1,55 +1,37 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.ReaderFactory;
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
-import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
-import java.io.IOException;
-import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 
-import javax.smartcardio.ATR;
 import javax.smartcardio.Card;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardTerminal;
-import javax.smartcardio.CommandAPDU;
-import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.ReaderFactory;
+
 public abstract class AbstractSignatureCard implements SignatureCard {
 
   private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(AbstractSignatureCard.class);
@@ -61,14 +43,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractSignatureCard implements SignatureCard {
 
   private Locale locale = Locale.getDefault();
 
-  int ifs_ = 254;
-
   private Card card_;
   
-  /**
-   * The card terminal that connects the {@link #card_}.  
-   */
-//  private CardTerminal cardTerminal;
   protected CCID reader;
 
   protected AbstractSignatureCard(String resourceBundleName) {
@@ -89,379 +65,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractSignatureCard implements SignatureCard {
     return sb.toString();
   }
 
-  /**
-   * Select an application using AID as DF name according to ISO/IEC 7816-4
-   * section 8.2.2.2.
-   * 
-   * @param dfName
-   *          AID of the application to be selected
-   * 
-   * @return the response data of the response APDU if SW=0x9000
-   * 
-   * @throws CardException
-   *           if card communication fails
-   * 
-   * @throws SignatureCardException
-   *           if application selection fails (e.g. an application with the
-   *           given AID is not present on the card)
-   */
-  protected byte[] selectFileAID(byte[] dfName) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-            new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x04, 0x00, dfName, 256));
-//            new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xa4, 0x04, 0x0c, dfName));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      String msg = "Failed to select application AID=" + SMCCHelper.toString(dfName) +
-              ": SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW());
-      log.error(msg);
-      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
-    } else {
-      return resp.getBytes();
-    }
-  }
-
-  protected abstract ResponseAPDU selectFileFID(byte[] fid) throws CardException,
-      SignatureCardException;
-
-  /**
-   * VERIFY APDU without PIN BLOCK
-   * Not supported by ACOS cards (and GemPC Pinpad?)
-   * @param kid
-   * @return the number of possible tries until card is blocked or -1 if unknown
-   * (ACOS does not support this VERIFY APDU type)
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.LockedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.NotActivatedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException
-   */
-  protected abstract int verifyPIN(byte kid)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, SignatureCardException;
-
-  /**
-   * VERIFY APDU with PIN BLOCK
-   * If IFD supports VERIFY_PIN on pinpad, parameter pin may be empty.
-   * @param kid
-   * @param pin to be encoded in the PIN BLOCK
-   * @return -1 if VERIFY PIN was successful, or the number of possible retries
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.LockedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.NotActivatedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException
-   */
-  protected abstract int verifyPIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException;
-  
-  /**
-   * CHANGE(?) APDU
-   * If IFD supports VERIFY_PIN on pinpad, parameter pin may be empty.
-   * @param kid
-   * @param pin
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException if activation fails
-   */
-  protected abstract void activatePIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINConfirmationException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException;
-
-  /**
-   * CHANGE(?) APDU
-   * If IFD supports VERIFY_PIN on pinpad, parameter pin may be empty.
-   * @param kid
-   * @param pin
-   * @return -1 if CHANGE PIN was successful, or the number of possible retries
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException if change fails
-   */
-  protected abstract int changePIN(byte kid, char[] oldPin, char[] newPin)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINConfirmationException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException;
-
-  /**
-   * encode the pin as needed in VERIFY/CHANGE APDUs
-   * @param pin
-   * @return
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException if the provided pin does
-   * not meet the restrictions imposed by the encoding (not the pinSpec!),
-   * such as maximum Length
-   */
-  protected abstract byte[] encodePINBlock(char[] pin) throws SignatureCardException;
-
-  protected byte[] readRecord(int recordNumber) throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
-    return readRecord(getCardChannel(), recordNumber);
-  }
-
-  protected byte[] readRecord(CardChannel channel, int recordNumber) throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
-    
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xB2,
-        recordNumber, 0x04, 256));
-    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
-      return resp.getData();
-    } else {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to read records. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    }
-     
-  }
-  
-  protected byte[] readBinary(CardChannel channel, int offset, int len)
-      throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xB0,
-        0x7F & (offset >> 8), offset & 0xFF, len));
-    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
-      return resp.getData();
-    } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6982) {
-      throw new SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException();
-    } else {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to read bytes (" + offset + "+"
-          + len + "): SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    }
-
-  }
-
-  protected int readBinary(int offset, int len, byte[] b) throws CardException,
-      SignatureCardException {
-
-    if (b.length < len) {
-      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
-          "Length of b must not be less than len.");
-    }
-
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xB0,
-        0x7F & (offset >> 8), offset & 0xFF, len));
-    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
-      System.arraycopy(resp.getData(), 0, b, 0, len);
-    }
-
-    return resp.getSW();
-
-  }
-
-  protected byte[] readBinaryTLV(int maxSize, byte expectedType) throws CardException,
-      SignatureCardException {
-
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-
-    // read first chunk
-    int len = Math.min(maxSize, ifs_);
-    byte[] chunk = readBinary(channel, 0, len);
-    if (chunk.length > 0 && chunk[0] != expectedType) {
-      return null;
-    }
-    int offset = chunk.length;
-    int actualSize = maxSize;
-    if (chunk.length > 3) {
-      if ((chunk[1] & 0x80) > 0) {
-        int octets = (0x0F & chunk[1]);
-        actualSize = 2 + octets;
-        for (int i = 1; i <= octets; i++) {
-          actualSize += (0xFF & chunk[i + 1]) << ((octets - i) * 8);
-        }
-      } else {
-        actualSize = 2 + chunk[1];
-      }
-    }
-    ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(actualSize);
-    buffer.put(chunk, 0, Math.min(actualSize, chunk.length));
-    while (offset < actualSize) {
-      len = Math.min(ifs_, actualSize - offset);
-      chunk = readBinary(channel, offset, len);
-      buffer.put(chunk);
-      offset += chunk.length;
-    }
-    return buffer.array();
-
-  }
-
-  protected byte[] readRecords(byte[] aid, byte[] ef, int start, int end) throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    
-    try {
-      
-      // SELECT FILE (AID)
-      byte[] rb = selectFileAID(aid);
-      if (rb[rb.length - 2] != (byte) 0x90 || rb[rb.length - 1] != (byte) 0x00) {
-
-        throw new SignatureCardException("SELECT FILE with "
-            + "AID="
-            + toString(aid)
-            + " failed ("
-            + "SW="
-            + Integer.toHexString((0xFF & (int) rb[rb.length - 1])
-                | (0xFF & (int) rb[rb.length - 2]) << 8) + ").");
-
-      }
-
-      // SELECT FILE (EF)
-      ResponseAPDU resp = selectFileFID(ef);
-      if (resp.getSW() == 0x6a82) {
-        
-        // EF not found
-        throw new FileNotFoundException("EF " + toString(ef) + " not found.");
-        
-      } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-
-        throw new SignatureCardException("SELECT FILE with "
-            + "FID="
-            + toString(ef)
-            + " failed ("
-            + "SW="
-            + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ").");
-        
-      }
-      
-      ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
-      
-      for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) {
-        bytes.write(readRecord(i));
-      }
-      
-      return bytes.toByteArray();
-      
-    } catch (CardException e) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to acces card.", e);
-    } catch (IOException e) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to read records.", e);
-    }
-    
-  }
-  
-  /**
-   * Read the content of a TLV file.
-   * 
-   * @param aid the application ID (AID)
-   * @param ef the elementary file (EF)
-   * @param maxLength the maximum length of the file
-   * 
-   * @return the content of the file
-   * 
-   * @throws SignatureCardException
-   * @throws CardException 
-   */
-  protected byte[] readTLVFile(byte[] aid, byte[] ef, int maxLength)
-      throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException, CardException {
-    // SELECT FILE (AID)
-    selectFileAID(aid);
-
-    // SELECT FILE (EF)
-    ResponseAPDU resp = selectFileFID(ef);
-    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6a82) {
-      // EF not found
-      throw new FileNotFoundException("EF " + toString(ef) + " not found.");
-    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("SELECT FILE with "
-          + "FID="
-          + toString(ef)
-          + " failed ("
-          + "SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ").");
-    }
-
-    return readBinaryTLV(maxLength, (byte) 0x30);
-//    return readTLVFile(aid, ef, null, (byte) 0, maxLength);
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Read the content of a TLV file wich requires a PIN.
-   * 
-   * @param aid the application ID (AID)
-   * @param ef the elementary file (EF)
-   * @param kid the key ID (KID) of the corresponding PIN
-   * @param pin the pin or null if VERIFY on pinpad
-   * @param spec the PINSpec
-   * @param maxLength the maximum length of the file
-   * 
-   * @return the content of the file
-   * 
-   * @throws SignatureCardException
-   * @throws CardException 
-   */
-  protected byte[] readTLVFile(byte[] aid, byte[] ef, char[] pin, byte kid, int maxLength)
-      throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException, CardException {
-
-
-    // SELECT FILE (AID)
-    selectFileAID(aid);
-
-    // SELECT FILE (EF)
-    ResponseAPDU resp = selectFileFID(ef);
-    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6a82) {
-      // EF not found
-      throw new FileNotFoundException("EF " + toString(ef) + " not found.");
-    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("SELECT FILE with "
-          + "FID="
-          + toString(ef)
-          + " failed ("
-          + "SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ").");
-    }
-
-    // VERIFY
-      int retries = verifyPIN(kid, pin);
-      if (retries != -1) {
-        throw new VerificationFailedException(retries);
-      }
-   
-    return readBinaryTLV(maxLength, (byte) 0x30);
-      
-    
-  }
-  
-  /**
-   * Transmit the given command APDU using the given card channel.
-   * 
-   * @param channel
-   *          the card channel
-   * @param commandAPDU
-   *          the command APDU
-   * @param logData
-   *          <code>true</code> if command APDU data may be logged, or
-   *          <code>false</code> otherwise
-   * 
-   * @return the corresponding response APDU
-   * 
-   * @throws CardException
-   *           if smart card communication fails
-   */
-  protected ResponseAPDU transmit(CardChannel channel, CommandAPDU commandAPDU, boolean logData)
-      throws CardException {
-    
-    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
-      log.trace(commandAPDU 
-          + (logData ? "\n" + toString(commandAPDU.getBytes()) : ""));
-      long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
-      ResponseAPDU responseAPDU = channel.transmit(commandAPDU);
-      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
-      log.trace(responseAPDU + "\n[" + (t1 - t0) + "ms] "
-          + (logData ? "\n" + toString(responseAPDU.getBytes()) : ""));
-      return responseAPDU;
-    } else {
-      return channel.transmit(commandAPDU);
-    }
-    
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Transmit the given command APDU using the given card channel.
-   * 
-   * @param channel the card channel
-   * @param commandAPDU the command APDU
-   * 
-   * @return the corresponding response APDU
-   * 
-   * @throws CardException if smart card communication fails
-   */
-  protected ResponseAPDU transmit(CardChannel channel, CommandAPDU commandAPDU)
-      throws CardException {
-    return transmit(channel, commandAPDU, true);
-  }
-
-  
   @Override
   public void init(Card card, CardTerminal cardTerminal) {
     this.card_ = card;
     this.reader = ReaderFactory.getInstance().getReader(card, cardTerminal);
-    ATR atr = card.getATR();
-    byte[] atrBytes = atr.getBytes();
-    if (atrBytes.length >= 6) {
-      ifs_ = 0xFF & atr.getBytes()[6];
-      log.trace("Setting IFS (information field size) to " + ifs_);
-    }
   }
   
   @Override
@@ -470,7 +77,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractSignatureCard implements SignatureCard {
   }
 
   protected CardChannel getCardChannel() {
-    return card_.getBasicChannel();
+    return new LogCardChannel(card_.getBasicChannel());
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -517,112 +124,4 @@ public abstract class AbstractSignatureCard implements SignatureCard {
     }
   }
 
-  @Override
-  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs() {
-    return pinSpecs;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    try {
-      getCard().beginExclusive();
-
-      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
-        selectFileAID(pinSpec.getContextAID());
-      }
-
-      // -1 if ok or unknown
-      int retries = verifyPIN(pinSpec.getKID());
-      do {
-        char[] pin = pinProvider.providePIN(pinSpec, retries);
-        retries = verifyPIN(pinSpec.getKID(), pin);
-      } while (retries > 0);
-      //return on -1, 0 never reached: verifyPIN throws LockedEx
-
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("failed to verify " + pinSpec.getLocalizedName() +
-              ": " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
-      throw new SignatureCardException(ex);
-    } finally {
-      try {
-        getCard().endExclusive();
-      } catch (CardException ex) {
-        log.trace("failed to end exclusive card access: " + ex.getMessage());
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, CancelledException, TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
-   try {
-      getCard().beginExclusive();
-
-      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
-        selectFileAID(pinSpec.getContextAID());
-      }
-      char[] pin = pinProvider.providePIN(pinSpec, -1);
-      activatePIN(pinSpec.getKID(), pin);
-      
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("Failed to activate " + pinSpec.getLocalizedName() +
-              ": " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException(ex.getMessage(), ex);
-    } finally {
-      try {
-        getCard().endExclusive();
-      } catch (CardException ex) {
-        log.trace("failed to end exclusive card access: " + ex.getMessage());
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * activates pin (newPIN) if not active
-   * @param pinSpec
-   * @param oldPIN
-   * @param newPIN
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.LockedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.VerificationFailedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.NotActivatedException
-   * @throws at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException
-   */
-  @Override
-  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException,
-          TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    try {
-      getCard().beginExclusive();
-
-      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
-        selectFileAID(pinSpec.getContextAID());
-      }
-
-      int retries = verifyPIN(pinSpec.getKID());
-      do {
-        char[] newPin = pinProvider.providePIN(pinSpec, retries);
-        char[] oldPin = pinProvider.provideOldPIN(pinSpec, retries);
-        retries = changePIN(pinSpec.getKID(), oldPin, newPin);
-      } while (retries > 0);
-      //return on -1, 0 never reached: verifyPIN throws LockedEx
-
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("Failed to change " + pinSpec.getLocalizedName() +
-              ": " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException(ex.getMessage(), ex);
-    } finally {
-      try {
-        getCard().endExclusive();
-      } catch (CardException ex) {
-        log.trace("failed to end exclusive card access: " + ex.getMessage());
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    throw new SignatureCardException("Unblock not supported yet");
-  }
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/CardNotSupportedException.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/CardNotSupportedException.java
index e2a5fe16..1cde093d 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/CardNotSupportedException.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/CardNotSupportedException.java
@@ -1,31 +1,19 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
 public class CardNotSupportedException extends Exception {
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangePINProvider.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangePINProvider.java
index d0622aa4..41010551 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangePINProvider.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangePINProvider.java
@@ -1,24 +1,21 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
- * Graz University of Technology
- * 
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- * 
- *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- * 
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.*;
-
 /**
  *
  * @author Clemens Orthacker <clemens.orthacker@iaik.tugraz.at>
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0b10d88f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+public class ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec extends VerifyAPDUSpec {
+  
+  /**
+   * The offset for the insertion of the old PIN. (Default: 0)
+   */
+  protected int pinInsertionOffsetOld = 0;
+  
+  /**
+   * The offset for the insertion of the new PIN. (Default:
+   * {@link VerifyAPDUSpec#pinLength} + 1})
+   */
+  protected int pinInsertionOffsetNew = pinLength;
+
+  public ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition, int pinFormat, int pinLength) {
+    super(apdu, pinPosition, pinFormat, pinLength);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param apdu
+   * @param pinPosition
+   * @param pinFormat
+   * @param pinLength
+   * @param pinLengthSize
+   * @param pinLengthPos
+   */
+  public ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition,
+      int pinFormat, int pinLength, int pinLengthSize, int pinLengthPos) {
+    super(apdu, pinPosition, pinFormat, pinLength, pinLengthSize, pinLengthPos);
+  }
+  
+  /**
+   * @param apdu
+   * @param pinPosition
+   * @param pinFormat
+   * @param pinLength
+   * @param pinLengthSize
+   * @param pinLengthPos
+   * @param pinInsertionOffsetNew
+   */
+  public ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition,
+      int pinFormat, int pinLength, int pinLengthSize, int pinLengthPos,
+      int pinInsertionOffsetNew) {
+    super(apdu, pinPosition, pinFormat, pinLength, pinLengthSize, pinLengthPos);
+    this.pinInsertionOffsetNew = pinInsertionOffsetNew;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinInsertionOffsetOld
+   */
+  public int getPinInsertionOffsetOld() {
+    return pinInsertionOffsetOld;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinInsertionOffsetOld the pinInsertionOffsetOld to set
+   */
+  public void setPinInsertionOffsetOld(int pinInsertionOffsetOld) {
+    this.pinInsertionOffsetOld = pinInsertionOffsetOld;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinInsertionOffsetNew
+   */
+  public int getPinInsertionOffsetNew() {
+    return pinInsertionOffsetNew;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinInsertionOffsetNew the pinInsertionOffsetNew to set
+   */
+  public void setPinInsertionOffsetNew(int pinInsertionOffsetNew) {
+    this.pinInsertionOffsetNew = pinInsertionOffsetNew;
+  }
+
+  
+  
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ExclSignatureCardProxy.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ExclSignatureCardProxy.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfbd0063
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ExclSignatureCardProxy.java
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
+import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
+import java.lang.reflect.Method;
+import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+
+import javax.smartcardio.Card;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardTerminal;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+public class ExclSignatureCardProxy implements InvocationHandler {
+  
+  private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(ExclSignatureCardProxy.class);
+
+  private static final Method init;
+  
+  static {
+    try {
+      init = SignatureCard.class.getMethod("init", new Class<?>[] { Card.class,
+          CardTerminal.class });
+    } catch (SecurityException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+  }
+  
+  private SignatureCard signatureCard;
+  
+  public ExclSignatureCardProxy(SignatureCard signatureCard) {
+    this.signatureCard = signatureCard;
+  }
+
+  public static SignatureCard newInstance(SignatureCard signatureCard) {
+    ArrayList<Class<?>> proxyInterfaces = new ArrayList<Class<?>>();
+    proxyInterfaces.add(SignatureCard.class);
+    if (PINMgmtSignatureCard.class.isAssignableFrom(signatureCard.getClass())) {
+      proxyInterfaces.add(PINMgmtSignatureCard.class);
+    }
+    ClassLoader loader = signatureCard.getClass().getClassLoader();
+    return (SignatureCard) Proxy.newProxyInstance(loader, proxyInterfaces
+        .toArray(new Class[proxyInterfaces.size()]),
+        new ExclSignatureCardProxy(signatureCard));
+  }
+  
+  public static PINMgmtSignatureCard newInstance(PINMgmtSignatureCard signatureCard) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args)
+      throws Throwable {
+
+    Card card = null;
+    
+    Method target = signatureCard.getClass().getMethod(method.getName(),
+        method.getParameterTypes());
+    
+    if (target.isAnnotationPresent(Exclusive.class)) {
+      card = (Card) ((method.equals(init)) 
+        ? args[0]
+        : signatureCard.getCard());
+    }
+    
+    if (card != null) {
+      try {
+        log.trace("Invoking method " + method.getName() + "() with exclusive access.");
+        card.beginExclusive();
+      } catch (CardException e) {
+        log.info("Failed to get exclusive access to signature card "
+            + signatureCard.toString() + ".");
+        throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+      }
+    }
+      
+    try {
+      return method.invoke(signatureCard, args);
+    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
+      throw e.getTargetException();
+    } finally {
+      if (card != null) {
+        card.endExclusive();
+      }
+    }
+    
+  
+  }
+
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/Exclusive.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/Exclusive.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b796b045
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/Exclusive.java
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;
+import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
+import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
+import java.lang.annotation.Target;
+
+@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
+public @interface Exclusive {
+
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/LogCardChannel.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/LogCardChannel.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3fc80fa1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/LogCardChannel.java
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+
+import javax.smartcardio.Card;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
+import javax.smartcardio.CommandAPDU;
+import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
+
+import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
+import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
+
+public class LogCardChannel extends CardChannel {
+  
+  protected static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(LogCardChannel.class);
+  
+  private CardChannel channel;
+  
+  public LogCardChannel(CardChannel channel) {
+    if (channel == null) {
+      throw new NullPointerException();
+    }
+    this.channel = channel;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws CardException {
+    channel.close();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Card getCard() {
+    return channel.getCard();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int getChannelNumber() {
+    return channel.getChannelNumber();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ResponseAPDU transmit(CommandAPDU command) throws CardException {
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      switch (command.getINS()) {
+      case 0x20:    // VERIFY
+      case 0x21:    // VERIFY
+      case 0x24: {  // CHANGE REFERENCE DATA 
+        // Don't log possibly sensitive command data 
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        sb.append(command);
+        sb.append('\n');
+        byte[] c = new byte[4];
+        c[0] = (byte) command.getCLA();
+        c[1] = (byte) command.getINS();
+        c[2] = (byte) command.getP1();
+        c[3] = (byte) command.getP2();
+        sb.append(toString(c));
+        if (command.getNc() > 0) {
+          sb.append(':');
+          sb.append(toString(new byte[] {(byte) command.getNc()}));
+          for (int i = 0; i < command.getNc(); i++) {
+            sb.append(":XX");
+          }
+        }
+        if (command.getNe() > 0) {
+          sb.append(':');
+          sb.append(toString(new byte[] {(byte) command.getNe()}));
+        }
+        log.trace(sb.toString());
+      }; break;
+
+      default:
+        log.trace(command + "\n" + toString(command.getBytes()));
+      }
+      long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      ResponseAPDU response = channel.transmit(command);
+      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      log.trace(response + " [" + (t1 - t0) + "ms]\n" + toString(response.getBytes()));
+      return response;
+    } else {
+      return channel.transmit(command);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public int transmit(ByteBuffer command, ByteBuffer response) throws CardException {
+    if (log.isTraceEnabled()) {
+      long t0 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      int l = channel.transmit(command, response);
+      long t1 = System.currentTimeMillis();
+      log.trace("[" + (t1 - t0) + "ms]");
+      return l;
+    } else {
+      return channel.transmit(command, response);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private String toString(byte[] b) {
+    StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
+    if (b != null && b.length > 0) {
+      sb.append(Integer.toHexString((b[0] & 240) >> 4));
+      sb.append(Integer.toHexString(b[0] & 15));
+    }
+    for (int i = 1; i < b.length; i++) {
+      sb.append(':');
+      sb.append(Integer.toHexString((b[i] & 240) >> 4));
+      sb.append(Integer.toHexString(b[i] & 15));
+    }
+    return sb.toString();
+  }
+  
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eadaf26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec.java
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+public class NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec extends VerifyAPDUSpec {
+  
+  /**
+   * The offset for the insertion of the new PIN. (Default:
+   * {@link VerifyAPDUSpec#pinLength} + 1})
+   */
+  protected int pinInsertionOffsetNew = 0;
+
+  public NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition, int pinFormat, int pinLength) {
+    super(apdu, pinPosition, pinFormat, pinLength);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param apdu
+   * @param pinPosition
+   * @param pinFormat
+   * @param pinLength
+   * @param pinLengthSize
+   * @param pinLengthPos
+   */
+  public NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition,
+      int pinFormat, int pinLength, int pinLengthSize, int pinLengthPos) {
+    super(apdu, pinPosition, pinFormat, pinLength, pinLengthSize, pinLengthPos);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinInsertionOffsetNew
+   */
+  public int getPinInsertionOffsetNew() {
+    return pinInsertionOffsetNew;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinInsertionOffsetNew the pinInsertionOffsetNew to set
+   */
+  public void setPinInsertionOffsetNew(int pinInsertionOffsetNew) {
+    this.pinInsertionOffsetNew = pinInsertionOffsetNew;
+  }
+
+  
+  
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINConfirmationException.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINConfirmationException.java
index 115e6d5f..eaf38435 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINConfirmationException.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINConfirmationException.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
  */
 public class PINConfirmationException extends SignatureCardException {
 
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
   public PINConfirmationException() {
     super();
   }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINFormatException.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINFormatException.java
index 28a13fdb..774fcdf5 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINFormatException.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINFormatException.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
  */
 public class PINFormatException extends SignatureCardException {
 
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
   public PINFormatException() {
     super();
   }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINMgmtSignatureCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINMgmtSignatureCard.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..53738612
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINMgmtSignatureCard.java
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+import java.util.List;
+
+public interface PINMgmtSignatureCard extends SignatureCard {
+
+  public enum PIN_STATE {UNKNOWN, ACTIV, NOT_ACTIV, BLOCKED};
+  
+  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs();
+
+  public PIN_STATE getPINState(PINSpec pinSpec) throws SignatureCardException;
+  
+  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+  throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
+
+  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider)
+  throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
+
+  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+  throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
+
+  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pukProvider)
+  throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
+
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINOperationAbortedException.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINOperationAbortedException.java
index 7337f59e..51e4904e 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINOperationAbortedException.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINOperationAbortedException.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
  */
 public class PINOperationAbortedException extends SignatureCardException {
 
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
   public PINOperationAbortedException() {
     super();
   }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINProvider.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINProvider.java
index 8fa80dcb..5c294b5b 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINProvider.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINProvider.java
@@ -1,31 +1,19 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
 /**
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINSpec.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINSpec.java
index d180ddf0..b8ffafab 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINSpec.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/PINSpec.java
@@ -14,9 +14,9 @@
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
-
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
+import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.ResourceBundle;
 
 /**
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ public class PINSpec {
     
     String rexepPattern_;
     
-    ResourceBundle resourceBundle_;
+    String resourceBundleName_;
     
     String name_;
 
@@ -49,17 +49,17 @@ public class PINSpec {
      * @param kid the keyId for this pin
      */
     public PINSpec(int minLenght, int maxLength, String rexepPattern, 
-        ResourceBundle resourceBundle, String name, byte kid, byte[] contextAID) {
+        String resourceBundleName, String name, byte kid, byte[] contextAID) {
         
         minLength_ = minLenght;
         maxLength_ = maxLength;
         rexepPattern_ = rexepPattern;
-        resourceBundle_ = resourceBundle;
+        resourceBundleName_ = resourceBundleName;
         name_ = name;
         kid_ = kid;
         context_aid_ = contextAID;
     }
-    
+
     public PINSpec(int minLenght, int maxLength, String rexepPattern, 
         String name, byte kid, byte[] contextAID) {
         
@@ -71,14 +71,26 @@ public class PINSpec {
         context_aid_ = contextAID;
     }
     
-    
-    
     public String getLocalizedName() {
+      
+      if (resourceBundleName_ != null) {
+        ResourceBundle resourceBundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle(resourceBundleName_);
+        return resourceBundle.getString(name_);
+      } else {
+        return name_;
+      }
         
-        return (resourceBundle_ != null) 
-            ? resourceBundle_.getString(name_)
-            : name_;
-        
+    }
+    
+    public String getLocalizedName(Locale locale) {
+      
+      if (resourceBundleName_ != null) {
+        ResourceBundle resourceBundle = ResourceBundle.getBundle(resourceBundleName_, locale);
+        return resourceBundle.getString(name_);
+      } else {
+        return name_;
+      }
+      
     }
 
     public int getMaxLength() {
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard.java
index e622f65a..83c0197a 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard.java
@@ -1,36 +1,27 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+
 import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
 import javax.smartcardio.CommandAPDU;
@@ -39,7 +30,10 @@ import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
-public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.ISO7816Utils;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
+
+public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard implements PINMgmtSignatureCard {
 
   /**
    * Logging facility.
@@ -154,133 +148,131 @@ public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
 
   public static final byte KID_PIN_CARD = (byte) 0x01;
 
-  public static final int PINSPEC_CARD = 0;
-  public static final int PINSPEC_SS = 1;
+  private static final PINSpec CARD_PIN_SPEC =
+    new PINSpec(4, 12, "[0-9]", 
+        "at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard", "card.pin.name", KID_PIN_CARD, null);
+  
+  private static final PINSpec SS_PIN_SPEC =
+    new PINSpec(6, 12, "[0-9]", 
+        "at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard", "sig.pin.name", KID_PIN_SS, AID_DF_SS);
 
   /**
    * Creates an new instance.
    */
   public STARCOSCard() {
     super("at/gv/egiz/smcc/STARCOSCard");
-    pinSpecs.add(PINSPEC_CARD, 
-            new PINSpec(4, 12, "[0-9]",
-              getResourceBundle().getString("card.pin.name"),
-              KID_PIN_CARD, null));
-    pinSpecs.add(PINSPEC_SS,
-            new PINSpec(6, 12, "[0-9]",
-              getResourceBundle().getString("sig.pin.name"),
-              KID_PIN_SS, AID_DF_SS));
+    pinSpecs.add(CARD_PIN_SPEC);
+    pinSpecs.add(SS_PIN_SPEC);
   }
  
   @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] getCertificate(KeyboxName keyboxName)
       throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
 
-    try {
-      
-      if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR) {
-        
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readTLVFile(AID_DF_SS, EF_C_X509_CH_DS, 2000);
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-          throw new NotActivatedException();
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
-        
-      } else if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.CERITIFIED_KEYPAIR) {
-
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readTLVFile(AID_DF_GS, EF_C_X509_CH_AUT, 2000);
-        } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-          throw new NotActivatedException();
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
+    byte[] aid;
+    byte[] fid;
+    if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR) {
+      aid = AID_DF_SS;
+      fid = EF_C_X509_CH_DS;
+    } else if (keyboxName == KeyboxName.CERITIFIED_KEYPAIR) {
+      aid = AID_DF_GS;
+      fid = EF_C_X509_CH_AUT;
+    } else {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Keybox " + keyboxName
+          + " not supported.");
+    }
 
-      } else {
-        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Keybox " + keyboxName
-            + " not supported.");
+    try {
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+      // SELECT application
+      execSELECT_AID(channel, aid);
+      // SELECT file
+      execSELECT_FID(channel, fid);
+      // READ BINARY
+      byte[] certificate = ISO7816Utils.readTransparentFileTLV(channel, -1, (byte) 0x30);
+      if (certificate == null) {
+        throw new NotActivatedException();
       }
-      
+      return certificate;
+    } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
+      throw new NotActivatedException();
     } catch (CardException e) {
-      log.warn(e);
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to access card.", e);
+      log.info("Failed to get certificate.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(e);
     }
 
   }
   
   @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] getInfobox(String infobox, PINProvider provider, String domainId)
       throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
   
     try {
       if ("IdentityLink".equals(infobox)) {
 
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_CARD);
-        //new PINSpec(4, 4, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("card.pin.name"));
-
-        int retries = -1;
-        boolean pinRequired = false;
+        PINSpec spec = CARD_PIN_SPEC;
+        
+        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_INFOBOX);
+        // SELECT file
+        execSELECT_FID(channel, EF_INFOBOX);
 
-        do {
+        while (true) {
           try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            if (pinRequired) {
-              char[] pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-              return readTLVFile(AID_INFOBOX, EF_INFOBOX, pin, spec.getKID(), 2000);
-            } else {
-              return readTLVFile(AID_INFOBOX, EF_INFOBOX, 2000);
-            }
-          } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
+            return ISO7816Utils.readTransparentFileTLV(channel, -1, (byte) 0x30);
           } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_CARD);
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            pinRequired = true;
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
+            verifyPINLoop(channel, spec, provider);
           }
-        } while (retries != 0);
-
-        throw new LockedException();
-        
-      } else if ("EHIC".equals(infobox)) {
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readTLVFile(AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN, FID_EHIC, 126);
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
-      } else if ("Grunddaten".equals(infobox)) {
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readTLVFile(AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN, FID_GRUNDDATEN, 550);
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
-        }
-      } else if ("SV-Personenbindung".equals(infobox)) {
-        try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readTLVFile(AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN, FID_SV_PERSONENBINDUNG, 500);
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
         }
+        
       } else if ("Status".equals(infobox)) {
+        
+        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN);
+        // SELECT file
+        execSELECT_FID(channel, FID_STATUS);
+        // READ RECORDS
+        ByteArrayOutputStream bytes = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
         try {
-          getCard().beginExclusive();
-          return readRecords(AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN, FID_STATUS, 1, 5);
-        } finally {
-          getCard().endExclusive();
+          for (int record = 1; record <= 5; record++) {
+            byte[] rb = ISO7816Utils.readRecord(channel, record);
+            bytes.write(rb);
+          }
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+          throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to read infobox '" + infobox
+              + "'.", e);
         }
+        return bytes.toByteArray();
+        
       } else {
-        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infobox '" + infobox
-            + "' not supported.");
+
+        byte[] fid;
+        
+        if ("EHIC".equals(infobox)) {
+          fid = FID_EHIC;
+        } else if ("Grunddaten".equals(infobox)) {
+          fid = FID_GRUNDDATEN;
+        } else if ("SV-Personenbindung".equals(infobox)) {
+          fid = FID_SV_PERSONENBINDUNG;
+        } else {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException("Infobox '" + infobox
+              + "' not supported.");
+        }
+       
+        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_SV_PERSONENDATEN);
+        // SELECT file
+        execSELECT_FID(channel, fid);
+        // READ BINARY
+        return ISO7816Utils.readTransparentFileTLV(channel, -1, (byte) 0x30);
+        
       }
+        
     } catch (CardException e) {
       log.warn(e);
       throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to access card.", e);
@@ -288,6 +280,7 @@ public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
   }
 
   @Override
+  @Exclusive
   public byte[] createSignature(byte[] hash, KeyboxName keyboxName,
       PINProvider provider) throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
   
@@ -297,68 +290,44 @@ public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
   
     try {
       
+      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+      
       if (KeyboxName.SECURE_SIGNATURE_KEYPAIR.equals(keyboxName)) {
 
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_SS);
-        //new PINSpec(6, 10, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("sig.pin.name"));
+        PINSpec spec = SS_PIN_SPEC;
+        
+        // SELECT MF
+        execSELECT_MF(channel);
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_DF_SS);
+        // VERIFY
+        verifyPINLoop(channel, spec, provider);
+        // MANAGE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT : SET DST
+        execMSE(channel, 0x41, 0xb6, DST_SS);
+        // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : HASH
+        execPSO_HASH(channel, hash);
+        // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATURE
+        return execPSO_COMPUTE_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE(channel);
         
-        int retries = -1;
-        char[] pin = null;
-
-        do {
-          try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            selectFileAID(AID_DF_SS);
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_SS); //, null);
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
-          }
-          pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-          try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            return createSignature(hash, AID_DF_SS, pin, KID_PIN_SS, DST_SS);
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } catch (PINFormatException e) {
-            log.debug("wrong pin size entered, retry");
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
-          }
-        } while (retries != 0);
-
-        throw new LockedException();
-
- 
       } else if (KeyboxName.CERITIFIED_KEYPAIR.equals(keyboxName)) {
 
-        PINSpec spec = pinSpecs.get(PINSPEC_CARD);
-        //new PINSpec(4, 4, "[0-9]", getResourceBundle().getString("card.pin.name"));
- 
-        int retries = -1;
-        char[] pin = null;
-        boolean pinRequiered = false;
-
-        do {
-          if (pinRequiered) {
-            pin = provider.providePIN(spec, retries);
-          }
+        PINSpec spec = CARD_PIN_SPEC;
+        
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, AID_DF_GS);
+        // MANAGE SECURITY ENVIRONMENT : SET DST
+        execMSE(channel, 0x41, 0xb6, DST_GS);
+        // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : HASH
+        execPSO_HASH(channel, hash);
+        
+        while (true) {
           try {
-            getCard().beginExclusive();
-            return createSignature(hash, AID_DF_GS, pin, KID_PIN_CARD, DST_GS);
-          } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {
-            throw new NotActivatedException();
+            // PERFORM SECURITY OPERATION : COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATURE
+            return execPSO_COMPUTE_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE(channel);
           } catch (SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException e) {
-            pinRequiered = true;
-            retries = verifyPIN(KID_PIN_CARD);
-          } catch (VerificationFailedException e) {
-            pinRequiered = true;
-            retries = e.getRetries();
-          } finally {
-            getCard().endExclusive();
+            verifyPINLoop(channel, spec, provider);
           }
-        } while (retries != 0);
-
-        throw new LockedException();
+        }
         
       } else {
         throw new IllegalArgumentException("KeyboxName '" + keyboxName
@@ -372,529 +341,366 @@ public class STARCOSCard extends AbstractSignatureCard {
   
   }
 
-
-  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-  // PROTECTED METHODS (assume exclusive card access)
-  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-  protected ResponseAPDU selectFileFID(byte[] fid) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    return transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x02,
-        0x04, fid, 256));
-  }
-
-  private byte[] createSignature(byte[] hash, byte[] aid, char[] pin, byte kid,
-      byte[] dst) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    
-    // SELECT MF
-    selectMF();
-    // SELECT DF
-    selectFileAID(aid);
-    // VERIFY
-    int retries = verifyPIN(kid, pin);
-    if (retries != -1) {
-      throw new VerificationFailedException(retries);
-    }
-    // MSE: SET DST
-    mseSetDST(dst);
-    // PSO: HASH
-    psoHash(hash);
-    // PSO: COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATURE
-    return psoComputDigitalSiganture();
-
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.AbstractSignatureCard#verifyPIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider)
+   */
+  @Override
+  @Exclusive
+  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
     
-  }
-
-  private void selectMF() throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
     CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00,
-        0x0C));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF: SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".");
+    
+    try {
+      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
+      }
+      int retries = verifyPIN(channel, pinSpec, null, 0);
+      verifyPIN(channel, pinSpec, pinProvider, retries);
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Failed to verify PIN.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to verify PIN.", e);
     }
+    
   }
-
-  private void mseSetDST(byte[] dst) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+  
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.AbstractSignatureCard#changePIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangePINProvider)
+   */
+  @Override
+  @Exclusive
+  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    
     CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x22, 0x41,
-        0xB6, dst));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("MSE:SET DST failed: SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    
+    try {
+      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
+      }
+      int retries = verifyPIN(channel, pinSpec, null, 0);
+      changePIN(channel, pinSpec, pinProvider, retries);
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Failed to change PIN.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to change PIN.", e);
     }
+    
   }
 
-  private void psoHash(byte[] hash) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
-    byte[] data = new byte[hash.length + 2];
-    data[0] = (byte) 0x90; // tag
-    data[1] = (byte) (hash.length); // length
-    System.arraycopy(hash, 0, data, 2, hash.length);
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.AbstractSignatureCard#activatePIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider)
+   */
+  @Override
+  @Exclusive
+  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
+      throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, CancelledException,
+      TimeoutException, InterruptedException {
 
     CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x90,
-        0xA0, data));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("PSO:HASH failed: SW="
-          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    }
-  }
 
-  private byte[] psoComputDigitalSiganture() throws CardException,
-      SignatureCardException {
-    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-    ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x9E,
-        0x9A, 256));
-    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException(
-          "PSO: COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATRE failed: SW="
-              + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-    } else {
-      return resp.getData();
+    try {
+      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
+        // SELECT application
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
+      }
+      activatePIN(channel, pinSpec, pinProvider);
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.info("Failed to activate PIN.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to activate PIN.", e);
     }
+    
   }
 
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINMgmtSignatureCard#unblockPIN(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec, at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider)
+   */
   @Override
-  protected int verifyPIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, TimeoutException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException {
-    try {
-      byte[] sw;
-      if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
-        log.debug("verify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.verifyPinDirect(getPINVerifyStructure(kid));
-//        int sw = (resp[resp.length-2] & 0xff) << 8 | resp[resp.length-1] & 0xff;
-      } else if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_START)) {
-        log.debug("verify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.verifyPin(getPINVerifyStructure(kid));
-      } else {
-        byte[] pinBlock = encodePINBlock(pin);
-        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-        ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-                new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x20, 0x00, kid, pinBlock), false);
-        sw = new byte[2];
-        sw[0] = (byte) resp.getSW1();
-        sw[1] = (byte) resp.getSW2();
-      }
-
-      if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x90 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        return -1;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && sw[1] == (byte) 0xc0) {
-        throw new LockedException("[63:c0]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && (sw[1] & 0xf0) >> 4 == 0xc) {
-        return sw[1] & 0x0f;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x83) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        throw new LockedException("[69:83]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x84) {
-        //referenzierte Daten sind reversibel gesperrt (invalidated)
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:84]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x85) {
-        //Benutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:85]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        throw new TimeoutException("[64:00]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x01) {
-        throw new CancelledException("[64:01]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x03) {
-        throw new PINFormatException("[64:03]");
-      }
-      log.error("Failed to verify pin: SW="
-              + SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      throw new SignatureCardException(SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
-    }
+  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pukProvider)
+      throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
+    throw new SignatureCardException("Unblock PIN is not supported.");
   }
 
   @Override
-  protected int verifyPIN(byte kid)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, SignatureCardException {
+  public void reset() throws SignatureCardException {
     try {
+      super.reset();
+      log.debug("select MF (e-card workaround)");
       CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-      ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-              new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x20, 0x00, kid), false);
-
-      if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
-        return -1;
-      } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x63c0) {
-        throw new LockedException("[63:c0]");
-      } else if (resp.getSW1() == 0x63 && (resp.getSW2() & 0xf0) >> 4 == 0xc) {
-        return resp.getSW2() & 0x0f;
-      } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6983) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        throw new LockedException("[69:83]");
-      } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6984) {
-        //referenzierte Daten sind reversibel gesperrt (invalidated)
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:84]");
-      } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6985) {
-        //Benutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt
-        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:85]");
+      ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x0C));
+      if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+        throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF after RESET: SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".");
       }
-      log.error("Failed to verify pin: SW="
-              + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-      throw new SignatureCardException("[" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + "]");
-
     } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
+      log.error("Failed to select MF after RESET: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF after RESET");
     }
   }
 
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINMgmtSignatureCard#getPINSpecs()
+   */
   @Override
-  protected int changePIN(byte kid, char[] oldPin, char[] newPin)
-          throws LockedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINConfirmationException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException {
-    try {
-      byte[] sw;
-      if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
-        log.debug("modify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPinDirect(getPINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START)) {
-        log.debug("modify pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPin(getPINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else {
-        byte[] cmd = new byte[16];
-        System.arraycopy(encodePINBlock(oldPin), 0, cmd, 0, 8);
-        System.arraycopy(encodePINBlock(newPin), 0, cmd, 8, 8);
-
-        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-
-        ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-                new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x24, 0x00, kid, cmd), false);
-
-        sw = new byte[2];
-        sw[0] = (byte) resp.getSW1();
-        sw[1] = (byte) resp.getSW2();
-      }
-
-      // activates pin (newPIN) if not active
-      if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x90 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        return -1;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && sw[1] == (byte) 0xc0) {
-        throw new LockedException("[63:c0]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x63 && (sw[1] & 0xf0) >> 4 == 0xc) {
-        return sw[1] & 0x0f;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x83) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        throw new LockedException("[69:83]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x84) {
-//        //referenzierte Daten sind reversibel gesperrt (invalidated)
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:84]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x85) {
-//        //Benutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:85]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        throw new TimeoutException("[64:00]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x01) {
-        throw new CancelledException("[64:01]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x02) {
-        throw new PINConfirmationException("[64:02]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x03) {
-        throw new PINFormatException("[64:03]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x6a && sw[1] == (byte) 0x80) {
-        log.info("invalid parameter, assume wrong pin size");
-        throw new PINFormatException("[6a:80]");
-      }
-      log.error("Failed to change pin: SW="
-              + SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      throw new SignatureCardException(SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
-    }
+  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs() {
+    return Arrays.asList(new PINSpec[] {CARD_PIN_SPEC, SS_PIN_SPEC});
   }
 
+  /* (non-Javadoc)
+   * @see at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINMgmtSignatureCard#getPINStatus(at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec)
+   */
   @Override
-  protected void activatePIN(byte kid, char[] pin)
-          throws CancelledException, PINFormatException, PINConfirmationException, TimeoutException, PINOperationAbortedException, SignatureCardException {
+  public PIN_STATE getPINState(PINSpec pinSpec) throws SignatureCardException {
+    
+    CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
+    
     try {
-      byte[] sw;
-      if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
-        log.debug("activate pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPinDirect(getActivatePINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else if (reader.hasFeature(CCID.FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START)) {
-        log.debug("activate pin on cardreader");
-        sw = reader.modifyPin(getActivatePINModifyStructure(kid));
-      } else {
-        CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-        ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel,
-                new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x24, 0x01, kid, encodePINBlock(pin)), false);
-
-        sw = new byte[2];
-        sw[0] = (byte) resp.getSW1();
-        sw[1] = (byte) resp.getSW2();
-        log.trace("activate pin returned SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
-      }
-
-      if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x90 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        return;
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x83) {
-        //Authentisierungsmethode gesperrt
-        throw new LockedException("[69:83]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x84) {
-//        //referenzierte Daten sind reversibel gesperrt (invalidated)
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:84]");
-//      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x69 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x85) {
-//        //Benutzungsbedingungen nicht erfüllt
-//        throw new NotActivatedException("[69:85]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x00) {
-        throw new TimeoutException("[64:00]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x01) {
-        throw new CancelledException("[64:01]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x02) {
-        throw new PINConfirmationException("[64:02]");
-      } else if (sw[0] == (byte) 0x64 && sw[1] == (byte) 0x03) {
-        throw new PINFormatException("[64:03]");
+      if (pinSpec.getContextAID() != null) {
+        // SELECT AID
+        execSELECT_AID(channel, pinSpec.getContextAID());
       }
-      log.error("Failed to activate pin: SW="
-              + SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-      throw new SignatureCardException(SMCCHelper.toString(sw));
-
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage());
-      throw new SignatureCardException("smart card communication failed: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
+      verifyPIN(channel, pinSpec, null, 0);
+      return PIN_STATE.ACTIV;
+    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+      return PIN_STATE.UNKNOWN;
+    } catch (LockedException e) {
+      return PIN_STATE.BLOCKED;
+    } catch (NotActivatedException e) {
+      return PIN_STATE.NOT_ACTIV;
+    } catch (CardException e) {
+      log.error("Failed to get PIN status.", e);
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to get PIN status.", e);
     }
+    
   }
 
-  /**
-   * BCD encodes the pin, pads with 0xFF and prepends the pins length
-   * @param pin
-   * @return a 8 byte pin block consisting of length byte (0x2X),
-   * the BCD encoded pin and a 0xFF padding
-   */
-  @Override
-  protected byte[] encodePINBlock(char[] pin) throws SignatureCardException {
-    if (pin == null || pin.length > 12) {
-      throw new SignatureCardException("invalid pin: " + pin);
+  public String toString() {
+    return "e-card";
+  }
+  
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  // PROTECTED METHODS (assume exclusive card access)
+  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+  
+  protected void verifyPINLoop(CardChannel channel, PINSpec spec, PINProvider provider)
+      throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, SignatureCardException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException {
+    
+    int retries = verifyPIN(channel, spec, null, -1);
+    do {
+      retries = verifyPIN(channel, spec, provider, retries);
+    } while (retries > 0);
+    
+  }
+  
+  protected int verifyPIN(CardChannel channel, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      PINProvider provider, int retries) throws SignatureCardException,
+      LockedException, NotActivatedException, InterruptedException,
+      CardException {
+    
+    VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec = new VerifyAPDUSpec(
+        new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x00, pinSpec.getKID(), (byte) 0x08,
+            (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff }, 
+        1, VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_BCD, 7, 4, 4);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp;
+    if (provider != null) {
+      resp = reader.verify(channel, apduSpec, pinSpec, provider, retries);
+    } else {
+      resp = channel.transmit(new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x20, 0x00, pinSpec.getKID()));
+    }
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if (resp.getSW() >> 4 == 0x63c) {
+      return 0x0f & resp.getSW();
+    }
+    
+    switch (resp.getSW()) {
+    case 0x6983:
+      // authentication method blocked
+      throw new LockedException();
+    case 0x6984:
+      // reference data not usable
+      throw new NotActivatedException();
+    case 0x6985:
+      // conditions of use not satisfied
+      throw new NotActivatedException();
+  
+    default:
+      String msg = "VERIFY failed. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()); 
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+  protected int changePIN(CardChannel channel, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      ChangePINProvider pinProvider, int retries) throws CancelledException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec = new ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec(
+        new byte[] { 
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x00, pinSpec.getKID(), (byte) 0x10, 
+            (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, 
+            (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, 
+            (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, 
+            (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff }, 
+        1, VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_BCD, 7, 4, 4, 8);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = reader.modify(channel, apduSpec, pinSpec, pinProvider, retries);
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+      return -1;
     }
-    int numDigits = pin.length;
-    int numBytes = (int) Math.ceil(numDigits/2.0);
+    if (resp.getSW() >> 4 == 0x63c) {
+      return 0x0f & resp.getSW();
+    }
+    
+    switch (resp.getSW()) {
+    case 0x6983:
+      // authentication method blocked
+      throw new LockedException();
+  
+    default:
+      String msg = "CHANGE REFERENCE DATA failed. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()); 
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    }
+   
+    
+  }
 
-    byte[] pinBlock = new byte[8];
-    pinBlock[0] = (byte) (0x20 | numDigits);
+  protected int activatePIN(CardChannel channel, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      PINProvider provider) throws SignatureCardException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException {
+    
+    NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec = new NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec(
+        new byte[] {
+            (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x01, pinSpec.getKID(), (byte) 0x08,
+            (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
+            (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff }, 
+        1, VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_BCD, 7, 4, 4);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = reader.activate(channel, apduSpec, pinSpec, provider);
+    
+    switch (resp.getSW()) {
+    
+    case 0x9000:
+      return -1;
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < numBytes; i++) {
-      int p1 = 16*Character.digit(pin[i*2], 16);
-      int p2 = (i*2+1 < numDigits) ? Character.digit(pin[i*2+1], 16) : 0xf;
-      pinBlock[i+1] = (byte) (p1 + p2);
-    }
-    Arrays.fill(pinBlock, numBytes + 1, pinBlock.length, (byte) 0xff);
-//    log.trace("BCD encoded PIN block: " + SMCCHelper.toString(pinBlock));
+    case 0x6983:
+      // authentication method blocked
+      throw new LockedException();
 
-    return pinBlock;
+    default:
+      String msg = "CHANGE REFERENCE DATA failed. SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()); 
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    }
+    
   }
   
-  private byte[] getPINVerifyStructure(byte kid) {
-      byte bTimeOut = reader.getbTimeOut(); 
-      byte bTimeOut2 = reader.getbTimeOut2(); // time out after first entry
-      byte bmFormatString = (byte) 0x89;      // 1 0001 0 01 
-                                              // ^------------ System unit = byte
-                                              //   ^^^^------- PIN position in the frame = 1 byte
-                                              //        ^----- PIN justification left
-                                              //          ^^-- BCD format
-      byte bmPINBlockString = (byte) 0x47;    // 0100 0111
-                                              // ^^^^--------- PIN length size: 4 bits
-                                              //      ^^^^---- Length PIN = 7 bytes
-      byte bmPINLengthFormat = (byte) 0x04;   // 000 0 0100
-                                              //     ^-------- System bit units is bit
-                                              //       ^^^^--- PIN length is at the 4th position bit
-      //TODO compare ints, not bytes
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitL =               // Max=12 digits 
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() < (byte) 0x0c) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() : (byte) 0x0c;
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitH =               // Min=4/6 digits TODO card/ss pin (min: 4/6)
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() > (byte) 0x04) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() : (byte) 0x04;
-      byte bEntryValidationCondition = 
-              reader.getbEntryValidationCondition();  
-      byte bNumberMessage = (byte) 0x00;      // No message
-      byte wLangIdL = (byte) 0x0C;            // - English?
-      byte wLangIdH = (byte) 0x04;            // \
-      byte bMsgIndex = (byte) 0x00;           // Default Msg
-
-      byte[] apdu = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0x00, kid, (byte) 0x08,  // CLA INS P1 P2 LC
-        (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,               // Data
-        (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff                // ...
-      };
-
-      int offset = 0;
-      byte[] pinVerifyStructure = new byte[offset + 19 + apdu.length];
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut2;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmFormatString;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINBlockString;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINLengthFormat;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitL;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitH;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bEntryValidationCondition;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bNumberMessage;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdL;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdH;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex;
-      
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = (byte) apdu.length;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinVerifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      System.arraycopy(apdu, 0, pinVerifyStructure, offset, apdu.length);
-
-      return pinVerifyStructure;
+  protected void execSELECT_MF(CardChannel channel) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x0C));
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".");
+    }
   }
 
-  private byte[] getPINModifyStructure(byte kid) {
-
-      byte bTimeOut = reader.getbTimeOut();   // s.o.
-      byte bTimeOut2 = reader.getbTimeOut2(); // s.o.
-      byte bmFormatString = (byte) 0x89;      // s.o.
-      byte bmPINBlockString = (byte) 0x47;    // s.o.
-      byte bmPINLengthFormat = (byte) 0x04;   // s.o.
-      byte bInsertionOffsetOld = (byte) 0x00; // insertion position offset in bytes
-      byte bInsertionOffsetNew = (byte) 0x08; // (add 1 from bmFormatString b3)
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitL = 
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() < (byte) 0x0c) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() : (byte) 0x0c;
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitH =               // Min=4/6 digits TODO card/ss pin (min: 4/6)
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() > (byte) 0x04) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() : (byte) 0x04;
-      byte bConfirmPIN = (byte) 0x03;         // current pin entry + confirmation
-      byte bEntryValidationCondition =
-              reader.getbEntryValidationCondition();
-      byte bNumberMessage = (byte) 0x03;      // 3 messages
-      byte wLangIdL = (byte) 0x0C;            
-      byte wLangIdH = (byte) 0x04;            
-      byte bMsgIndex1 = (byte) 0x00;          // insertion
-      byte bMsgIndex2 = (byte) 0x01;          // modification
-      byte bMsgIndex3 = (byte) 0x02;          // confirmation
-
-      byte[] apdu = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x00, kid, (byte) 0x10, 
-        (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,      
-        (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,      
-        (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,      
-        (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff       
-      };
-
-      int offset = 0;
-      byte[] pinModifyStructure = new byte[offset + 24 + apdu.length];
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmFormatString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINBlockString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINLengthFormat;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetOld;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetNew;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bConfirmPIN;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bEntryValidationCondition;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bNumberMessage;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex1;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex3;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = (byte) apdu.length;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      System.arraycopy(apdu, 0, pinModifyStructure, offset, apdu.length);
-
-//      log.debug("PIN MODIFY " + SMCCHelper.toString(pinModifyStructure));
-      return pinModifyStructure;
+  protected byte[] execSELECT_AID(CardChannel channel, byte[] aid)
+      throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x04, 0x00, aid, 256));
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6A82) {
+      String msg = "File or application not found AID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(aid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new FileNotFoundException(msg);
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      String msg = "Failed to select application AID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(aid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    } else {
+      return resp.getBytes();
+    }
+    
   }
-  private byte[] getActivatePINModifyStructure(byte kid) {
-
-      byte bTimeOut = reader.getbTimeOut();   
-      byte bTimeOut2 = reader.getbTimeOut2(); 
-      byte bmFormatString = (byte) 0x89;      
-      byte bmPINBlockString = (byte) 0x47;    
-      byte bmPINLengthFormat = (byte) 0x04;   
-      byte bInsertionOffsetOld = (byte) 0x00; // ignored
-      byte bInsertionOffsetNew = (byte) 0x00; 
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitL =
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() < (byte) 0x12) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitL() : (byte) 0x12;
-      byte wPINMaxExtraDigitH =               // Min=4/6 digits TODO card/ss pin (min: 4/6)
-              (reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() > (byte) 0x04) ?
-                reader.getwPINMaxExtraDigitH() : (byte) 0x04;
-      byte bConfirmPIN = (byte) 0x01;         // confirm, no current pin entry
-      byte bEntryValidationCondition =
-              reader.getbEntryValidationCondition();
-      byte bNumberMessage = (byte) 0x02;      // 2 messages
-      byte wLangIdL = (byte) 0x0c;
-      byte wLangIdH = (byte) 0x04;
-      byte bMsgIndex1 = (byte) 0x01;          // modification prompt
-      byte bMsgIndex2 = (byte) 0x02;          // confirmation prompt
-      byte bMsgIndex3 = (byte) 0x00;           
-
-      byte[] apdu = new byte[] {
-        (byte) 0x00, (byte) 0x24, (byte) 0x01, kid, (byte) 0x08,
-        (byte) 0x20, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff,
-        (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff, (byte) 0xff
-      };
-
-      int offset = 0;
-      byte[] pinModifyStructure = new byte[offset + 24 + apdu.length];
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bTimeOut2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmFormatString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINBlockString;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bmPINLengthFormat;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetOld;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bInsertionOffsetNew;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wPINMaxExtraDigitH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bConfirmPIN;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bEntryValidationCondition;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bNumberMessage;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdL;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = wLangIdH;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex1;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex2;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = bMsgIndex3;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = (byte) apdu.length;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      pinModifyStructure[offset++] = 0x00;
-      System.arraycopy(apdu, 0, pinModifyStructure, offset, apdu.length);
-
-//      log.debug("PIN MODIFY " + SMCCHelper.toString(pinModifyStructure));
-      return pinModifyStructure;
+  
+  protected byte[] execSELECT_FID(CardChannel channel, byte[] fid)
+      throws SignatureCardException, CardException {
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x02, 0x04, fid, 256));
+    
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6A82) {
+      String msg = "File or application not found FID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(fid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.info(msg);
+      throw new FileNotFoundException(msg);
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      String msg = "Failed to select application FID="
+          + SMCCHelper.toString(fid) + " SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".";
+      log.error(msg);
+      throw new SignatureCardException(msg);
+    } else {
+      return resp.getBytes();
+    }
+    
   }
+  
+  protected void execMSE(CardChannel channel, int p1, int p2, byte[] data)
+      throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x22, p1, p2, data));
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("MSE:SET DST failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    }
+  }
+  
+  protected void execPSO_HASH(CardChannel channel, byte[] hash) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    byte[] data = new byte[hash.length + 2];
+    data[0] = (byte) 0x90; // tag
+    data[1] = (byte) (hash.length); // length
+    System.arraycopy(hash, 0, data, 2, hash.length);
 
-  @Override
-  public void reset() throws SignatureCardException {
-    try {
-      super.reset();
-      log.debug("select MF (e-card workaround)");
-      CardChannel channel = getCardChannel();
-      ResponseAPDU resp = transmit(channel, new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xA4, 0x00, 0x0C));
-      if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
-        throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF after RESET: SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".");
-      }
-    } catch (CardException ex) {
-      log.error("Failed to select MF after RESET: " + ex.getMessage(), ex);
-      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to select MF after RESET");
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x90, 0xA0, data));
+    if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("PSO:HASH failed: SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
     }
   }
 
-  public String toString() {
-    return "e-card";
+  protected byte[] execPSO_COMPUTE_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE(CardChannel channel)
+      throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0x2A, 0x9E, 0x9A, 256));
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x6982) {
+      throw new SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException();
+    } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6983) {
+      throw new LockedException();
+    } else if (resp.getSW() != 0x9000) {
+      throw new SignatureCardException(
+          "PSO: COMPUTE DIGITAL SIGNATRE failed: SW="
+              + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    } else {
+      return resp.getData();
+    }
   }
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SWCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SWCard.java
index da084e0d..279362c0 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SWCard.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SWCard.java
@@ -14,10 +14,8 @@
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
-
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
 import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
 import java.io.FileInputStream;
 import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
@@ -37,20 +35,20 @@ import java.security.cert.Certificate;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateEncodingException;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
 import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.Enumeration;
-import java.util.HashMap;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
-import java.util.Map;
 import javax.smartcardio.Card;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardTerminal;
+import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
 
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
+
 /**
  *
  * @author mcentner
@@ -396,31 +394,6 @@ public class SWCard implements SignatureCard {
   }
 
   @Override
-  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs() {
-    return new ArrayList<PINSpec>();
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, SignatureCardException {
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider) throws SignatureCardException {
-    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pukProvider) throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider) throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException {
-    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
-  }
-
-  @Override
   public CCID getReader() {
     return new CCID() {
 
@@ -488,6 +461,32 @@ public class SWCard implements SignatureCard {
       public void setDisablePinpad(boolean disable) {
         throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
       }
+
+      @Override
+      public ResponseAPDU verify(CardChannel channel, VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec,
+          PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider provider, int retries)
+          throws CancelledException, InterruptedException, CardException,
+          SignatureCardException {
+        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not supported yet.");
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public ResponseAPDU activate(CardChannel channel,
+          NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec,
+          PINProvider provider) throws CancelledException,
+          InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+        return null;
+      }
+
+      @Override
+      public ResponseAPDU modify(CardChannel channel,
+          ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec,
+          ChangePINProvider provider, int retries) throws CancelledException,
+          InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
+        return null;
+      }
     };
   }
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCard.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCard.java
index c06074f2..1a163783 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCard.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCard.java
@@ -1,35 +1,23 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
 import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid.CCID;
-import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Locale;
 
 import javax.smartcardio.Card;
@@ -76,6 +64,11 @@ public interface SignatureCard {
       return keyboxName_;
     }
 
+    @Override
+    public String toString() {
+      return keyboxName_;
+    }
+
   }
 
   public void init(Card card, CardTerminal cardTerminal);
@@ -118,24 +111,6 @@ public interface SignatureCard {
   public byte[] createSignature(byte[] hash, KeyboxName keyboxName,
       PINProvider provider) throws SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
 
-  /**
-   * Get the KIDs for all available PINs and the corresponding PINSpecs
-   * @return array of KIDs
-   */
-  public List<PINSpec> getPINSpecs();
-
-  public void verifyPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
-
-  public void changePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, ChangePINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws LockedException, NotActivatedException, CancelledException, PINFormatException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
-
-  public void activatePIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pinProvider)
-          throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
-
-  public void unblockPIN(PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider pukProvider)
-          throws CancelledException, SignatureCardException, InterruptedException;
-
   public CCID getReader();
 
   /**
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardException.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardException.java
index f296f3a2..48b4646a 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardException.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardException.java
@@ -1,31 +1,20 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
 public class SignatureCardException extends Exception {
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardFactory.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardFactory.java
index 5146c275..f46f8657 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardFactory.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/SignatureCardFactory.java
@@ -1,31 +1,20 @@
-//Copyright (C) 2002 IAIK
-//http://jce.iaik.at
-//
-//Copyright (C) 2003 Stiftung Secure Information and 
-//                 Communication Technologies SIC
-//http://www.sic.st
-//
-//All rights reserved.
-//
-//This source is provided for inspection purposes and recompilation only,
-//unless specified differently in a contract with IAIK. This source has to
-//be kept in strict confidence and must not be disclosed to any third party
-//under any circumstances. Redistribution in source and binary forms, with
-//or without modification, are <not> permitted in any case!
-//
-//THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
-//ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
-//IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
-//ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
-//FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-//DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
-//OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
-//HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
-//LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
-//OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
-//SUCH DAMAGE.
-//
-//
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
@@ -233,7 +222,11 @@ public class SignatureCardFactory {
         try {
           Class<?> scClass = cl.loadClass(supportedCard.getImplementationClassName());
           sc = (SignatureCard) scClass.newInstance();
+          
+          sc = ExclSignatureCardProxy.newInstance(sc);
+          
           sc.init(card, cardTerminal);
+
           return sc;
 
         } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/VerifyAPDUSpec.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/VerifyAPDUSpec.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23c1f0fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/VerifyAPDUSpec.java
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc;
+
+public class VerifyAPDUSpec {
+  
+  public static final int PIN_JUSTIFICATION_LEFT = 0;
+  
+  public static final int PIN_JUSTIFICATION_RIGHT = 1;
+  
+  public static final int PIN_FORMAT_BINARY = 0;
+  
+  public static final int PIN_FORMAT_BCD = 1;
+  
+  public static final int PIN_FORMAT_ASCII = 2; 
+  
+  /**
+   * The APDU template.
+   */
+  protected byte[] apdu;
+  
+  /**
+   * The PIN position in bytes.
+   */
+  protected int pinPosition;
+  
+  /**
+   * The PIN justification (either {@link #PIN_JUSTIFICATION_LEFT} or
+   * {@link #PIN_JUSTIFICATION_RIGHT}).
+   */
+  protected int pinJustification = PIN_JUSTIFICATION_LEFT;
+
+  /**
+   * The PIN encoding format (one of {@value #PIN_FORMAT_BCD},
+   * {@link #PIN_FORMAT_ASCII}).
+   */
+  protected int pinFormat;
+
+  /**
+   * The size of the PIN length in bits or 0 for no PIN length. (Default: 0)
+   */
+  protected int pinLengthSize = 0;
+  
+  /**
+   * The PIN length in the template in bytes.
+   */
+  protected int pinLength;
+  
+  /**
+   * The PIN length position in the template in bits or 0 for no PIN length.
+   * (Default: 0)
+   */
+  protected int pinLengthPos = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * @param apdu
+   * @param pinPosition
+   * @param pinFormat
+   * @param pinLength TODO
+   */
+  public VerifyAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition, int pinFormat, int pinLength) {
+    super();
+    this.apdu = apdu;
+    this.pinPosition = pinPosition;
+    this.pinFormat = pinFormat;
+    this.pinLength = pinLength;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param apdu
+   * @param pinPosition
+   * @param pinFormat
+   * @param pinLength
+   * @param pinLengthSize
+   * @param pinLengthPos
+   */
+  public VerifyAPDUSpec(byte[] apdu, int pinPosition, int pinFormat,
+      int pinLength, int pinLengthSize, int pinLengthPos) {
+    super();
+    this.apdu = apdu;
+    this.pinPosition = pinPosition;
+    this.pinFormat = pinFormat;
+    this.pinLength = pinLength;
+    this.pinLengthSize = pinLengthSize;
+    this.pinLengthPos = pinLengthPos;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the apdu
+   */
+  public byte[] getApdu() {
+    return apdu;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param apdu the apdu to set
+   */
+  public void setApdu(byte[] apdu) {
+    this.apdu = apdu;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinPosition
+   */
+  public int getPinPosition() {
+    return pinPosition;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinPosition the pinPosition to set
+   */
+  public void setPinPosition(int pinPosition) {
+    this.pinPosition = pinPosition;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinJustification
+   */
+  public int getPinJustification() {
+    return pinJustification;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinJustification the pinJustification to set
+   */
+  public void setPinJustification(int pinJustification) {
+    this.pinJustification = pinJustification;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinFormat
+   */
+  public int getPinFormat() {
+    return pinFormat;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinFormat the pinFormat to set
+   */
+  public void setPinFormat(int pinFormat) {
+    this.pinFormat = pinFormat;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinLengthSize
+   */
+  public int getPinLengthSize() {
+    return pinLengthSize;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinLengthSize the pinLengthSize to set
+   */
+  public void setPinLengthSize(int pinLengthSize) {
+    this.pinLengthSize = pinLengthSize;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinLength
+   */
+  public int getPinLength() {
+    return pinLength;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinLength the pinLength to set
+   */
+  public void setPinLength(int pinLength) {
+    this.pinLength = pinLength;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return the pinLengthPos
+   */
+  public int getPinLengthPos() {
+    return pinLengthPos;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param pinLengthPos the pinLengthPos to set
+   */
+  public void setPinLengthPos(int pinLengthPos) {
+    this.pinLengthPos = pinLengthPos;
+  }
+  
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/CCID.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/CCID.java
index 2972f3b8..d73ff0e9 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/CCID.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/CCID.java
@@ -16,9 +16,20 @@
  */
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.*;
 import javax.smartcardio.Card;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
+import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
+
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.CancelledException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangePINProvider;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINOperationAbortedException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.VerifyAPDUSpec;
 
 /**
  *
@@ -66,6 +77,16 @@ public interface CCID {
   
   boolean hasFeature(Byte feature);
 
+  ResponseAPDU verify(CardChannel channel, VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec,
+      PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider provider, int retries)
+      throws CancelledException, InterruptedException, CardException,
+      SignatureCardException;
+
+  ResponseAPDU modify(CardChannel channel,
+      ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      ChangePINProvider provider, int retries) throws CancelledException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException;
+  
   /**
    * not supported by OMNIKEY CardMan 3621 with ACOS card
    * @param PIN_VERIFY
@@ -107,4 +128,9 @@ public interface CCID {
   byte getwPINMaxExtraDigitL();
   byte getwPINMaxExtraDigitH();
   byte getbEntryValidationCondition();
+
+  ResponseAPDU activate(CardChannel channel, NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec,
+      PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider provider)
+      throws CancelledException, InterruptedException, CardException,
+      SignatureCardException;
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/DefaultReader.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/DefaultReader.java
index 580b9379..682390e3 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/DefaultReader.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/ccid/DefaultReader.java
@@ -16,16 +16,34 @@
  */
 package at.gv.egiz.smcc.ccid;
 
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.*;
-import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
+
 import javax.smartcardio.Card;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
 import javax.smartcardio.CardTerminal;
+import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
+
 import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
 import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
 
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.CancelledException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangePINProvider;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINFormatException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINOperationAbortedException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINProvider;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.PINSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.TimeoutException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.VerifyAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.ISO7816Utils;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.util.SMCCHelper;
+
 /**
  *
  * @author Clemens Orthacker <clemens.orthacker@iaik.tugraz.at>
@@ -415,4 +433,339 @@ public class DefaultReader implements CCID {
     }
     return resp;
   }
+  
+  
+  
+  protected byte[] createPINModifyStructure(NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec) {
+    
+    ByteArrayOutputStream s = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    // bTimeOut
+    s.write(getbTimeOut());
+    // bTimeOut2
+    s.write(getbTimeOut2());
+    // bmFormatString
+    s.write(1 << 7 // system unit = byte
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinPosition()) << 3
+        | (0x1 & apduSpec.getPinJustification() << 2)
+        | (0x3 & apduSpec.getPinFormat()));
+    // bmPINBlockString
+    s.write((0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthSize()) << 4
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLength()));
+    // bmPINLengthFormat
+    s.write(// system unit = bit
+        (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthPos()));
+    // bInsertionOffsetOld
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // bInsertionOffsetNew
+    s.write(apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew());
+    // wPINMaxExtraDigit
+    s.write(Math.min(pinSpec.getMaxLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitL()));
+    s.write(Math.max(pinSpec.getMinLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitH()));
+    // bConfirmPIN
+    s.write(0x01);
+    // bEntryValidationCondition
+    s.write(getbEntryValidationCondition());
+    // bNumberMessage
+    s.write(0x02);
+    // wLangId
+    s.write(0x0C);
+    s.write(0x04);
+    // bMsgIndex1
+    s.write(0x01);
+    // bMsgIndex2
+    s.write(0x02);
+    // bMsgIndex3
+    s.write(0x00);
+    
+    // bTeoPrologue
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // ulDataLength
+    s.write(apduSpec.getApdu().length);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // abData
+    try {
+      s.write(apduSpec.getApdu());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // As we are dealing with ByteArrayOutputStreams no exception is to be
+      // expected.
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+    
+    return s.toByteArray();
+
+  }
+  
+  protected byte[] createPINModifyStructure(ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec) {
+    
+    ByteArrayOutputStream s = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    // bTimeOut
+    s.write(getbTimeOut());
+    // bTimeOut2
+    s.write(getbTimeOut2());
+    // bmFormatString
+    s.write(1 << 7 // system unit = byte
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinPosition()) << 3
+        | (0x1 & apduSpec.getPinJustification() << 2)
+        | (0x3 & apduSpec.getPinFormat()));
+    // bmPINBlockString
+    s.write((0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthSize()) << 4
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLength()));
+    // bmPINLengthFormat
+    s.write(// system unit = bit
+        (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthPos()));
+    // bInsertionOffsetOld
+    s.write(apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetOld());
+    // bInsertionOffsetNew
+    s.write(apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew());
+    // wPINMaxExtraDigit
+    s.write(Math.min(pinSpec.getMaxLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitL()));
+    s.write(Math.max(pinSpec.getMinLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitH()));
+    // bConfirmPIN
+    s.write(0x03);
+    // bEntryValidationCondition
+    s.write(getbEntryValidationCondition());
+    // bNumberMessage
+    s.write(0x03);
+    // wLangId
+    s.write(0x0C);
+    s.write(0x04);
+    // bMsgIndex1
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // bMsgIndex2
+    s.write(0x01);
+    // bMsgIndex3
+    s.write(0x02);
+    
+    // bTeoPrologue
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // ulDataLength
+    s.write(apduSpec.getApdu().length);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // abData
+    try {
+      s.write(apduSpec.getApdu());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // As we are dealing with ByteArrayOutputStreams no exception is to be
+      // expected.
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+    
+    return s.toByteArray();
+
+  }
+  
+  protected byte[] createPINVerifyStructure(VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec) {
+    
+    ByteArrayOutputStream s = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+    // bTimeOut
+    s.write(getbTimeOut());
+    // bTimeOut2
+    s.write(getbTimeOut2());
+    // bmFormatString
+    s.write(1 << 7 // system unit = byte
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinPosition()) << 3
+        | (0x1 & apduSpec.getPinJustification() << 2)
+        | (0x3 & apduSpec.getPinFormat()));
+    // bmPINBlockString
+    s.write((0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthSize()) << 4
+        | (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLength()));
+    // bmPINLengthFormat
+    s.write(// system unit = bit
+        (0xF & apduSpec.getPinLengthPos()));
+    // wPINMaxExtraDigit
+    s.write(Math.min(pinSpec.getMaxLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitL())); // max PIN length
+    s.write(Math.max(pinSpec.getMinLength(), getwPINMaxExtraDigitH())); // min PIN length
+    // bEntryValidationCondition
+    s.write(getbEntryValidationCondition());
+    // bNumberMessage
+    s.write(0xFF);
+    // wLangId
+    s.write(0x0C);
+    s.write(0x04);
+    // bMsgIndex
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // bTeoPrologue
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // ulDataLength
+    s.write(apduSpec.getApdu().length);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    s.write(0x00);
+    // abData
+    try {
+      s.write(apduSpec.getApdu());
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      // As we are dealing with ByteArrayOutputStreams no exception is to be
+      // expected.
+      throw new RuntimeException(e);
+    }
+    
+    return s.toByteArray();
+    
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public ResponseAPDU verify(CardChannel channel, VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec,
+      PINSpec pinSpec, PINProvider provider, int retries)
+      throws CancelledException, InterruptedException, CardException,
+      SignatureCardException {
+    
+    char[] pin = provider.providePIN(pinSpec, retries);
+
+    ResponseAPDU resp = null;
+    if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
+      log.debug("VERIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_DIRECT] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINVerifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(verifyPinDirect(s));
+    } else if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_VERIFY_PIN_START)) {
+      log.debug("VERIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINVerifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(verifyPin(s));
+    }
+      
+    if (resp != null) {
+      
+      switch (resp.getSW()) {
+
+      case 0x6400:
+        log.debug("SPE operation timed out.");
+        throw new TimeoutException();
+      case 0x6401:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was cancelled by the 'Cancel' button.");
+        throw new CancelledException();
+      case 0x6103:
+        log.debug("User entered too short or too long PIN "
+            + "regarding MIN/MAX PIN length.");
+        throw new PINFormatException();
+      case 0x6480:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was aborted by the 'Cancel' operation "
+            + "at the host system.");
+      case 0x6b80:
+        log.info("Invalid parameter in passed structure.");
+
+      default:
+        return resp;
+      }
+      
+    } else {
+      log.debug("VERIFY using software pin entry.");
+      return channel.transmit(ISO7816Utils.createVerifyAPDU(apduSpec, pin));
+    }    
+    
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public ResponseAPDU modify(CardChannel channel,
+      ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      ChangePINProvider provider, int retries) throws CancelledException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    char[] oldPin = provider.provideOldPIN(pinSpec, retries);
+    char[] newPin = provider.providePIN(pinSpec, retries);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = null;
+    if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINModifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(modifyPinDirect(s));
+    } else if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START)) {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINModifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(modifyPin(s));
+    }
+    
+    if (resp != null) {
+      
+      switch (resp.getSW()) {
+
+      case 0x6400:
+        log.debug("SPE operation timed out.");
+        throw new TimeoutException();
+      case 0x6401:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was cancelled by the 'Cancel' button.");
+        throw new CancelledException();
+      case 0x6103:
+        log.debug("User entered too short or too long PIN "
+            + "regarding MIN/MAX PIN length.");
+        throw new PINFormatException();
+      case 0x6480:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was aborted by the 'Cancel' operation "
+            + "at the host system.");
+      case 0x6b80:
+        log.info("Invalid parameter in passed structure.");
+
+      default:
+        return resp;
+      }
+      
+    } else {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using software pin entry.");
+      return channel.transmit(ISO7816Utils.createChangeReferenceDataAPDU(apduSpec, oldPin, newPin));
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public ResponseAPDU activate(CardChannel channel,
+      NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, PINSpec pinSpec,
+      PINProvider provider) throws CancelledException,
+      InterruptedException, CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    char[] newPin = provider.providePIN(pinSpec, -1);
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = null;
+    if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT)) {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_DIRECT] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINModifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(modifyPinDirect(s));
+    } else if (!disablePinpad && hasFeature(FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START)) {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using " + FEATURES[FEATURE_MODIFY_PIN_START] + ".");
+      byte[] s = createPINModifyStructure(apduSpec, pinSpec);
+      resp = new ResponseAPDU(modifyPin(s));
+    }
+    
+    if (resp != null) {
+      
+      switch (resp.getSW()) {
+
+      case 0x6400:
+        log.debug("SPE operation timed out.");
+        throw new TimeoutException();
+      case 0x6401:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was cancelled by the 'Cancel' button.");
+        throw new CancelledException();
+      case 0x6103:
+        log.debug("User entered too short or too long PIN "
+            + "regarding MIN/MAX PIN length.");
+        throw new PINFormatException();
+      case 0x6480:
+        log.debug("SPE operation was aborted by the 'Cancel' operation "
+            + "at the host system.");
+      case 0x6b80:
+        log.info("Invalid parameter in passed structure.");
+
+      default:
+        return resp;
+      }
+      
+    } else {
+      log.debug("MODIFY using software pin entry.");
+      return channel.transmit(ISO7816Utils.createNewReferenceDataAPDU(apduSpec, newPin));
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+  
+
+  
 }
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/conf/SMCCConfiguration.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/conf/SMCCConfiguration.java
index 8ea49ca6..696709bd 100644
--- a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/conf/SMCCConfiguration.java
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/conf/SMCCConfiguration.java
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import java.util.Properties;
  */
 public class SMCCConfiguration extends Properties {
 
+  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
+
   public static final String DISABLE_PINPAD_P = "disable.pinpad";
 
   public void setDisablePinpad(String value) {
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/ISO7816Utils.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/ISO7816Utils.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c5c7cbc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/ISO7816Utils.java
@@ -0,0 +1,359 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc.util;
+
+import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.nio.CharBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.Charset;
+
+import javax.smartcardio.CardChannel;
+import javax.smartcardio.CardException;
+import javax.smartcardio.CommandAPDU;
+import javax.smartcardio.ResponseAPDU;
+
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.SignatureCardException;
+import at.gv.egiz.smcc.VerifyAPDUSpec;
+
+public class ISO7816Utils {
+  
+  public static TransparentFileInputStream openTransparentFileInputStream(
+      final CardChannel channel, int maxSize) {
+    
+    TransparentFileInputStream file = new TransparentFileInputStream(maxSize) {
+
+      @Override
+      protected byte[] readBinary(int offset, int len) throws IOException {
+
+        ResponseAPDU resp;
+        try {
+          resp = channel.transmit(new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xB0,
+              0x7F & (offset >> 8), offset & 0xFF, len));
+        } catch (CardException e) {
+          throw new IOException(e);
+        }
+
+        Throwable cause;
+        if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+          return resp.getData();
+        } else if (resp.getSW() == 0x6982) {
+          cause = new SecurityStatusNotSatisfiedException();
+        } else {
+          cause = new SignatureCardException("Failed to read bytes (offset=" + offset + ",len="
+              + len + ") SW=" + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()) + ".");
+        }
+        throw new IOException(cause);
+
+      }
+      
+    };
+
+    return file;
+    
+  }
+
+  public static byte[] readTransparentFile(CardChannel channel, int maxSize)
+      throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    TransparentFileInputStream is = openTransparentFileInputStream(channel, maxSize);
+    
+    try {
+
+      ByteArrayOutputStream os = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
+      
+      int len;
+      for (byte[] b = new byte[256]; (len = is.read(b)) != -1;) {
+        os.write(b, 0, len);
+      }
+      
+      return os.toByteArray();
+      
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+      if (cause instanceof CardException) {
+        throw (CardException) cause;
+      }
+      if (cause instanceof SignatureCardException) {
+        throw (SignatureCardException) cause;
+      }
+      throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+  public static byte[] readTransparentFileTLV(CardChannel channel, int maxSize,
+      byte expectedType) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+
+    TransparentFileInputStream is = openTransparentFileInputStream(channel,
+        maxSize);
+
+    try {
+
+      is.mark(256);
+
+      // check expected type
+      int b = is.read();
+      if (b == 0x00) {
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (b == -1 || expectedType != (0xFF & b)) {
+        throw new SignatureCardException("Unexpected TLV type. Expected "
+            + Integer.toHexString(expectedType) + " but was "
+            + Integer.toHexString(b) + ".");
+      }
+
+      // get actual length
+      int actualSize = 2;
+      b = is.read();
+      if (b == -1) {
+        return null;
+      } else if ((0x80 & b) > 0) {
+        int octets = (0x0F & b);
+        actualSize += octets;
+        for (int i = 1; i <= octets; i++) {
+          b = is.read();
+          if (b == -1) {
+            return null;
+          }
+          actualSize += (0xFF & b) << ((octets - i) * 8);
+        }
+      } else {
+        actualSize += 0xFF & b;
+      }
+
+      // set limit to actual size and read into buffer
+      is.reset();
+      is.setLimit(actualSize);
+      byte[] buf = new byte[actualSize];
+      if (is.read(buf) == actualSize) {
+        return buf;
+      } else {
+        return null;
+      }
+
+    } catch (IOException e) {
+      Throwable cause = e.getCause();
+      if (cause instanceof CardException) {
+        throw (CardException) cause;
+      }
+      if (cause instanceof SignatureCardException) {
+        throw (SignatureCardException) cause;
+      }
+      throw new SignatureCardException(e);
+    }
+
+  }
+  
+  public static int getLengthFromFCx(byte[] fcx) {
+    
+    int len = -1;
+    
+    if (fcx.length != 0 && (fcx[0] == (byte) 0x62 || fcx[0] == (byte) 0x6F)) {
+      int pos = 2;
+      while (pos < (fcx[1] - 2)) {
+        switch (fcx[pos]) {
+        
+        case (byte) 0x80: {
+          len = 0xFF & fcx[pos + 2];
+          for (int i = 1; i < fcx[pos + 1]; i++) {
+            len<<=8;
+            len+=0xFF & fcx[pos + i + 2];
+          }
+        }
+
+        default:
+          pos += 0xFF & fcx[pos + 1] + 2;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return len;
+    
+  }
+  
+  public static byte[] readRecord(CardChannel channel, int record) throws CardException, SignatureCardException {
+    
+    ResponseAPDU resp = channel.transmit(
+        new CommandAPDU(0x00, 0xB2, record, 0x04, 256));
+    if (resp.getSW() == 0x9000) {
+      return resp.getData();
+    } else {
+      throw new SignatureCardException("Failed to read records. SW="
+          + Integer.toHexString(resp.getSW()));
+    }
+    
+  }
+
+  public static void formatPIN(int pinFormat, int pinJustification, byte[] fpin, byte[] mask, char[] pin) {
+    
+    boolean left = (pinJustification == VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_JUSTIFICATION_LEFT);
+    
+    int j = (left) ? 0 : fpin.length - 1;
+    int step = (left) ? 1 : - 1;
+    switch (pinFormat) {
+      case VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_BINARY:
+        if (fpin.length < pin.length) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < pin.length; i++) {
+          fpin[j] = (byte) Character.digit(pin[i], 10);
+          mask[j] = (byte) 0xFF;
+          j += step;
+        }
+        break;
+      
+      case VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_BCD:
+        if (fpin.length * 2 < pin.length) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < pin.length; i++) {
+          int digit = Character.digit(pin[i], 10);
+          boolean h = (i % 2 == 0) ^ left;
+          fpin[j] |= h ? digit : digit << 4 ;
+          mask[j] |= h ? (byte) 0x0F : (byte) 0xF0;
+          j += (i % 2) * step;
+        }
+        break;
+  
+      case VerifyAPDUSpec.PIN_FORMAT_ASCII:
+        if (fpin.length < pin.length) {
+          throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+        }
+        byte[] asciiPin = Charset.forName("ASCII").encode(CharBuffer.wrap(pin)).array();
+        for (int i = 0; i < pin.length; i++) {
+          fpin[j] = asciiPin[i];
+          mask[j] = (byte) 0xFF;
+          j += step;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+  
+  }
+  
+  public static void insertPIN(byte[] apdu, int pos, byte[] fpin, byte[] mask) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < fpin.length; i++) {
+      apdu[pos + i] &= ~mask[i];
+      apdu[pos + i] |= fpin[i]; 
+    }
+  }
+  
+  public static void insertPINLength(byte[] apdu, int length, int lengthSize, int pos, int offset) {
+    
+    // use short (2 byte) to be able to shift the pin length
+    // by the number of bits given by the pin length position
+    short size = (short) (0x00FF & length);
+    short sMask = (short) ((1 << lengthSize) - 1);
+    // shift to the proper position 
+    int shift = 16 - lengthSize - (pos % 8);
+    offset += (pos / 8) + 5;
+    size <<= shift;
+    sMask <<= shift;
+    // insert upper byte
+    apdu[offset] &= (0xFF & (~sMask >> 8));
+    apdu[offset] |= (0xFF & (size >> 8));
+    // insert lower byte
+    apdu[offset + 1] &= (0xFF & ~sMask);
+    apdu[offset + 1] |= (0xFF & size);
+    
+  }
+
+  public static CommandAPDU createVerifyAPDU(VerifyAPDUSpec apduSpec, char[] pin) {
+
+    // format pin
+    byte[] fpin = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    byte[] mask = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    formatPIN(apduSpec.getPinFormat(), apduSpec.getPinJustification(), fpin, mask, pin);
+
+    byte[] apdu = apduSpec.getApdu();
+
+    // insert formated pin
+    insertPIN(apdu, apduSpec.getPinPosition() + 5, fpin, mask);
+
+    // insert pin length
+    if (apduSpec.getPinLengthSize() != 0) {
+      insertPINLength(apdu, pin.length, apduSpec.getPinLengthSize(), apduSpec.getPinLengthPos(), 0);
+    }
+
+    return new CommandAPDU(apdu);
+    
+  }
+
+  public static CommandAPDU createChangeReferenceDataAPDU(
+      ChangeReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, char[] oldPin, char[] newPin) {
+    
+    // format old pin
+    byte[] fpin = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    byte[] mask = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    formatPIN(apduSpec.getPinFormat(), apduSpec.getPinJustification(), fpin, mask, oldPin);
+
+    byte[] apdu = apduSpec.getApdu();
+    
+    // insert formated old pin
+    insertPIN(apdu, apduSpec.getPinPosition() + apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetOld() + 5, fpin, mask);
+
+    // insert pin length
+    if (apduSpec.getPinLengthSize() != 0) {
+      insertPINLength(apdu, oldPin.length, apduSpec.getPinLengthSize(),
+          apduSpec.getPinLengthPos(), apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetOld());
+    }
+
+    // format new pin
+    fpin = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    mask = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    formatPIN(apduSpec.getPinFormat(), apduSpec.getPinJustification(), fpin, mask, newPin);
+    
+    // insert formated new pin
+    insertPIN(apdu, apduSpec.getPinPosition() + apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew() + 5, fpin, mask);
+
+    // insert pin length
+    if (apduSpec.getPinLengthSize() != 0) {
+      insertPINLength(apdu, newPin.length, apduSpec.getPinLengthSize(),
+          apduSpec.getPinLengthPos(), apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew());
+    }
+
+    return new CommandAPDU(apdu);
+    
+  }
+
+  public static CommandAPDU createNewReferenceDataAPDU(
+      NewReferenceDataAPDUSpec apduSpec, char[] newPin) {
+    
+    // format old pin
+    byte[] fpin = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    byte[] mask = new byte[apduSpec.getPinLength()];
+    formatPIN(apduSpec.getPinFormat(), apduSpec.getPinJustification(), fpin, mask, newPin);
+
+    byte[] apdu = apduSpec.getApdu();
+    
+    // insert formated new pin
+    insertPIN(apdu, apduSpec.getPinPosition() + apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew() + 5, fpin, mask);
+
+    // insert pin length
+    if (apduSpec.getPinLengthSize() != 0) {
+      insertPINLength(apdu, newPin.length, apduSpec.getPinLengthSize(),
+          apduSpec.getPinLengthPos(), apduSpec.getPinInsertionOffsetNew());
+    }
+
+    return new CommandAPDU(apdu);
+    
+  }
+
+  
+}
diff --git a/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/TransparentFileInputStream.java b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/TransparentFileInputStream.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..781f9137
--- /dev/null
+++ b/smcc/src/main/java/at/gv/egiz/smcc/util/TransparentFileInputStream.java
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/*
+* Copyright 2008 Federal Chancellery Austria and
+* Graz University of Technology
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+package at.gv.egiz.smcc.util;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.io.InputStream;
+
+public abstract class TransparentFileInputStream extends InputStream {
+  
+  private final int chunkSize = 256;
+  
+  private byte[] buf = new byte[chunkSize];
+  private int start = 0;
+  private int end = 0;
+
+  private int offset = 0;
+  
+  private int length = -1;
+  
+  private int limit = -1;
+  
+  private int mark = -1;
+  
+  private int readlimit = -1; 
+  
+  public TransparentFileInputStream() {
+  }
+  
+  public TransparentFileInputStream(int length) {
+    this.length = length;
+  }
+
+  public void setLimit(int limit) {
+    this.limit = limit;
+  }
+
+  private int fill() throws IOException {
+    if (start == end && (limit < 0 || offset < limit)) {
+        int l;
+        if (limit > 0 && limit - offset < chunkSize) {
+          l = limit - offset;
+        } else if (length > 0) {
+          if (length - offset < chunkSize) {
+            l = length - offset;
+          } else {
+            l = chunkSize - 1;
+          }
+        } else {
+          l = chunkSize;
+        }
+        byte[] b = readBinary(offset, l);
+        offset += b.length;
+        if (mark < 0) {
+          start = 0;
+          end = b.length;
+          System.arraycopy(b, 0, buf, start, b.length);
+        } else {
+          if (end - mark + b.length > buf.length) {
+            // double buffer size
+            byte[] nbuf = new byte[buf.length * 2];
+            System.arraycopy(buf, mark, nbuf, 0, end - mark);
+            buf = nbuf;
+          } else {
+            System.arraycopy(buf, mark, buf, 0, end - mark);
+          }
+          start = start - mark;
+          end = end - mark + b.length;
+          mark = 0;
+          System.arraycopy(b, 0, buf, start, b.length);
+        }
+        if (l > b.length) {
+          // end of file reached
+          setLimit(offset);
+        }
+    }
+    return end - start;
+  }
+    
+  protected abstract byte[] readBinary(int offset, int len) throws IOException;
+  
+  @Override
+  public int read() throws IOException {
+    int b = (fill() > 0) ? 0xFF & buf[start++] : -1;
+    if (readlimit > 0 && start > readlimit) {
+      mark = -1;
+      readlimit = -1;
+    }
+    return b;
+  }
+  
+  @Override
+  public int read(byte[] b, int off, int len) throws IOException {
+    if (b == null) {
+      throw new NullPointerException();
+    } else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
+        throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+    } else if (len == 0) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    int count = 0;
+    int l;
+    while (count < len) {
+      if (fill() > 0) {
+        l = Math.min(end - start, len - count);
+        System.arraycopy(buf, start, b, off, l);
+        start += l;
+        off += l;
+        count += l;
+        if (readlimit > 0 && start > readlimit) {
+          mark = -1;
+          readlimit = -1;
+        }
+      } else {
+        return (count > 0) ? count : -1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return count;
+
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void mark(int readlimit) {
+    this.readlimit = readlimit;
+    mark = start;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean markSupported() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public synchronized void reset() throws IOException {
+    if (mark < 0) {
+      throw new IOException();
+    } else {
+      start = mark;
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public long skip(long n) throws IOException {
+
+    if (n <= 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    
+    if (n <= end - start) {
+      start += n;
+      return n;
+    } else {
+      
+      mark = -1;
+      
+      long remaining = n - (end - start);
+      start = end;
+      
+      if (limit >= 0 && limit < offset + remaining) {
+        remaining -= limit - offset;
+        offset = limit;
+        return n - remaining;
+      }
+      
+      if (length >= 0 && length < offset + remaining) {
+        remaining -= length - offset;
+        offset = length;
+        return n - remaining; 
+      }
+      
+      offset += remaining;
+      
+      return n;
+      
+    }
+    
+  }
+  
+}